diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/RCU')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt | 29 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/UP.txt | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt | 47 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt | 4 |
5 files changed, 77 insertions, 24 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt b/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt index 12250b342e1f..9c6d450138ea 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt @@ -108,8 +108,9 @@ year saw a paper describing an RCU implementation of System V IPC 2004 has seen a Linux-Journal article on use of RCU in dcache [McKenney04a], a performance comparison of locking to RCU on several different CPUs [McKenney04b], a dissertation describing use of RCU in a -number of operating-system kernels [PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD], and a paper -describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c]. +number of operating-system kernels [PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD], a paper +describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c], +and a paper describing SELinux performance with RCU [JamesMorris04b]. Bibtex Entries @@ -341,6 +342,17 @@ Dipankar Sarma" ,pages="18-26" } +@techreport{Friedberg03a +,author="Stuart A. Friedberg" +,title="Lock-Free Wild Card Search Data Structure and Method" +,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office" +,address="Washington, DC" +,year="2003" +,number="US Patent 6,662,184 (contributed under GPL)" +,month="December" +,pages="112" +} + @article{McKenney04a ,author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni" ,title="Scaling dcache with {RCU}" @@ -373,6 +385,9 @@ in Operating System Kernels" ,school="OGI School of Science and Engineering at Oregon Health and Sciences University" ,year="2004" +,note="Available: +\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/RCUdissertation.2004.07.14e1.pdf} +[Viewed October 15, 2004]" } @Conference{Sarma04c @@ -385,3 +400,13 @@ Oregon Health and Sciences University" ,month="June" ,pages="182-191" } + +@unpublished{JamesMorris04b +,Author="James Morris" +,Title="Recent Developments in {SELinux} Kernel Performance" +,month="December" +,year="2004" +,note="Available: +\url{http://www.livejournal.com/users/james_morris/2153.html} +[Viewed December 10, 2004]" +} diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt b/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt index 551a803d82a8..3bfb84b3b7db 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt @@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ RCU on Uniprocessor Systems A common misconception is that, on UP systems, the call_rcu() primitive -may immediately invoke its function, and that the synchronize_kernel +may immediately invoke its function, and that the synchronize_rcu() primitive may return immediately. The basis of this misconception is that since there is only one CPU, it should not be necessary to wait for anything else to get done, since there are no other CPUs for -anything else to be happening on. Although this approach will sort of +anything else to be happening on. Although this approach will -sort- -of- work a surprising amount of the time, it is a very bad idea in general. This document presents two examples that demonstrate exactly how bad an idea this is. @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ its arguments would cause it to fail to make the fundamental guarantee underlying RCU, namely that call_rcu() defers invoking its arguments until all RCU read-side critical sections currently executing have completed. -Quick Quiz: why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_kernel() in +Quick Quiz: why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in this case? Summary Permitting call_rcu() to immediately invoke its arguments or permitting -synchronize_kernel() to immediately return breaks RCU, even on a UP system. +synchronize_rcu() to immediately return breaks RCU, even on a UP system. So do not do it! Even on a UP system, the RCU infrastructure -must- respect grace periods. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt index b3a568abe6b1..8f3fb77c9cd3 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt @@ -32,7 +32,10 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! them -- even x86 allows reads to be reordered), and be prepared to explain why this added complexity is worthwhile. If you choose #c, be prepared to explain how this single task does not - become a major bottleneck on big multiprocessor machines. + become a major bottleneck on big multiprocessor machines (for + example, if the task is updating information relating to itself + that other tasks can read, there by definition can be no + bottleneck). 2. Do the RCU read-side critical sections make proper use of rcu_read_lock() and friends? These primitives are needed @@ -89,27 +92,34 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! "_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such as the list_for_each_entry_rcu(). - b. If the list macros are being used, the list_del_rcu(), - list_add_tail_rcu(), and list_del_rcu() primitives must - be used in order to prevent weakly ordered machines from - misordering structure initialization and pointer planting. + b. If the list macros are being used, the list_add_tail_rcu() + and list_add_rcu() primitives must be used in order + to prevent weakly ordered machines from misordering + structure initialization and pointer planting. Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used, the - hlist_del_rcu() and hlist_add_head_rcu() primitives - are required. + hlist_add_head_rcu() primitive is required. - c. Updates must ensure that initialization of a given + c. If the list macros are being used, the list_del_rcu() + primitive must be used to keep list_del()'s pointer + poisoning from inflicting toxic effects on concurrent + readers. Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used, + the hlist_del_rcu() primitive is required. + + The list_replace_rcu() primitive may be used to + replace an old structure with a new one in an + RCU-protected list. + + d. Updates must ensure that initialization of a given structure happens before pointers to that structure are publicized. Use the rcu_assign_pointer() primitive when publicizing a pointer to a structure that can be traversed by an RCU read-side critical section. - [The rcu_assign_pointer() primitive is in process.] - 5. If call_rcu(), or a related primitive such as call_rcu_bh(), is used, the callback function must be written to be called from softirq context. In particular, it cannot block. -6. Since synchronize_kernel() blocks, it cannot be called from +6. Since synchronize_rcu() can block, it cannot be called from any sort of irq context. 7. If the updater uses call_rcu(), then the corresponding readers @@ -125,9 +135,9 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! such cases is a must, of course! And the jury is still out on whether the increased speed is worth it. -8. Although synchronize_kernel() is a bit slower than is call_rcu(), +8. Although synchronize_rcu() is a bit slower than is call_rcu(), it usually results in simpler code. So, unless update performance - is important or the updaters cannot block, synchronize_kernel() + is important or the updaters cannot block, synchronize_rcu() should be used in preference to call_rcu(). 9. All RCU list-traversal primitives, which include @@ -155,3 +165,14 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! you -must- use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros. Failing to do so will break Alpha and confuse people reading your code. + +11. Note that synchronize_rcu() -only- guarantees to wait until + all currently executing rcu_read_lock()-protected RCU read-side + critical sections complete. It does -not- necessarily guarantee + that all currently running interrupts, NMIs, preempt_disable() + code, or idle loops will complete. Therefore, if you do not have + rcu_read_lock()-protected read-side critical sections, do -not- + use synchronize_rcu(). + + If you want to wait for some of these other things, you might + instead need to use synchronize_irq() or synchronize_sched(). diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt index bda6ead69bd0..f8a54fa0d8ab 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt @@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ implementation of audit_filter_task() might be as follows: enum audit_state state; read_lock(&auditsc_lock); + /* Note: audit_netlink_sem held by caller. */ list_for_each_entry(e, &audit_tsklist, list) { if (audit_filter_rules(tsk, &e->rule, NULL, &state)) { read_unlock(&auditsc_lock); @@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ This means that RCU can be easily applied to the read side, as follows: enum audit_state state; rcu_read_lock(); + /* Note: audit_netlink_sem held by caller. */ list_for_each_entry_rcu(e, &audit_tsklist, list) { if (audit_filter_rules(tsk, &e->rule, NULL, &state)) { rcu_read_unlock(); @@ -139,12 +141,15 @@ Normally, the write_lock() and write_unlock() would be replaced by a spin_lock() and a spin_unlock(), but in this case, all callers hold audit_netlink_sem, so no additional locking is required. The auditsc_lock can therefore be eliminated, since use of RCU eliminates the need for -writers to exclude readers. +writers to exclude readers. Normally, the write_lock() calls would +be converted into spin_lock() calls. The list_del(), list_add(), and list_add_tail() primitives have been replaced by list_del_rcu(), list_add_rcu(), and list_add_tail_rcu(). The _rcu() list-manipulation primitives add memory barriers that are -needed on weakly ordered CPUs (most of them!). +needed on weakly ordered CPUs (most of them!). The list_del_rcu() +primitive omits the pointer poisoning debug-assist code that would +otherwise cause concurrent readers to fail spectacularly. So, when readers can tolerate stale data and when entries are either added or deleted, without in-place modification, it is very easy to use RCU! @@ -166,6 +171,7 @@ otherwise, the added fields would need to be filled in): struct audit_newentry *ne; write_lock(&auditsc_lock); + /* Note: audit_netlink_sem held by caller. */ list_for_each_entry(e, list, list) { if (!audit_compare_rule(rule, &e->rule)) { e->rule.action = newaction; @@ -199,8 +205,7 @@ RCU ("read-copy update") its name. The RCU code is as follows: audit_copy_rule(&ne->rule, &e->rule); ne->rule.action = newaction; ne->rule.file_count = newfield_count; - list_add_rcu(ne, e); - list_del(e); + list_replace_rcu(e, ne); call_rcu(&e->rcu, audit_free_rule, e); return 0; } diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt index 7e0c2ab6f2bd..eb444006683e 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt @@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ o If I am running on a uniprocessor kernel, which can only do one o How can I see where RCU is currently used in the Linux kernel? - Search for "rcu_read_lock", "call_rcu", and "synchronize_kernel". + Search for "rcu_read_lock", "rcu_read_unlock", "call_rcu", + "rcu_read_lock_bh", "rcu_read_unlock_bh", "call_rcu_bh", + "synchronize_rcu", and "synchronize_net". o What guidelines should I follow when writing code that uses RCU? |