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authorLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2021-08-30 10:24:50 -0700
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2021-08-30 10:24:50 -0700
commitaa99f3c2b9c797d8fee28c674a2cbb5adb2ce2ef (patch)
tree98ccf3a82c39f7097111a08cfc7531a41be3ef06 /mm
parenta1ca8e7147d07cb8649c618bc9902a9a7e6444e1 (diff)
parent7882c55ef64a8179160f24d86e82e525ffcce020 (diff)
Merge tag 'hole_punch_for_v5.15-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fsHEADmaster
Pull fs hole punching vs cache filling race fixes from Jan Kara: "Fix races leading to possible data corruption or stale data exposure in multiple filesystems when hole punching races with operations such as readahead. This is the series I was sending for the last merge window but with your objection fixed - now filemap_fault() has been modified to take invalidate_lock only when we need to create new page in the page cache and / or bring it uptodate" * tag 'hole_punch_for_v5.15-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fs: filesystems/locking: fix Malformed table warning cifs: Fix race between hole punch and page fault ceph: Fix race between hole punch and page fault fuse: Convert to using invalidate_lock f2fs: Convert to using invalidate_lock zonefs: Convert to using invalidate_lock xfs: Convert double locking of MMAPLOCK to use VFS helpers xfs: Convert to use invalidate_lock xfs: Refactor xfs_isilocked() ext2: Convert to using invalidate_lock ext4: Convert to use mapping->invalidate_lock mm: Add functions to lock invalidate_lock for two mappings mm: Protect operations adding pages to page cache with invalidate_lock documentation: Sync file_operations members with reality mm: Fix comments mentioning i_mutex
Diffstat (limited to 'mm')
-rw-r--r--mm/filemap.c145
-rw-r--r--mm/madvise.c2
-rw-r--r--mm/memory-failure.c2
-rw-r--r--mm/readahead.c2
-rw-r--r--mm/rmap.c41
-rw-r--r--mm/shmem.c20
-rw-r--r--mm/truncate.c9
7 files changed, 162 insertions, 59 deletions
diff --git a/mm/filemap.c b/mm/filemap.c
index d1458ecf2f51..0fad08331cf4 100644
--- a/mm/filemap.c
+++ b/mm/filemap.c
@@ -76,8 +76,9 @@
* ->swap_lock (exclusive_swap_page, others)
* ->i_pages lock
*
- * ->i_mutex
- * ->i_mmap_rwsem (truncate->unmap_mapping_range)
+ * ->i_rwsem
+ * ->invalidate_lock (acquired by fs in truncate path)
+ * ->i_mmap_rwsem (truncate->unmap_mapping_range)
*
* ->mmap_lock
* ->i_mmap_rwsem
@@ -85,9 +86,10 @@
* ->i_pages lock (arch-dependent flush_dcache_mmap_lock)
*
* ->mmap_lock
- * ->lock_page (access_process_vm)
+ * ->invalidate_lock (filemap_fault)
+ * ->lock_page (filemap_fault, access_process_vm)
*
- * ->i_mutex (generic_perform_write)
+ * ->i_rwsem (generic_perform_write)
* ->mmap_lock (fault_in_pages_readable->do_page_fault)
*
* bdi->wb.list_lock
@@ -1008,6 +1010,44 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(__page_cache_alloc);
#endif
/*
+ * filemap_invalidate_lock_two - lock invalidate_lock for two mappings
+ *
+ * Lock exclusively invalidate_lock of any passed mapping that is not NULL.
+ *
+ * @mapping1: the first mapping to lock
+ * @mapping2: the second mapping to lock
+ */
+void filemap_invalidate_lock_two(struct address_space *mapping1,
+ struct address_space *mapping2)
+{
+ if (mapping1 > mapping2)
+ swap(mapping1, mapping2);
+ if (mapping1)
+ down_write(&mapping1->invalidate_lock);
+ if (mapping2 && mapping1 != mapping2)
+ down_write_nested(&mapping2->invalidate_lock, 1);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_invalidate_lock_two);
+
+/*
+ * filemap_invalidate_unlock_two - unlock invalidate_lock for two mappings
+ *
+ * Unlock exclusive invalidate_lock of any passed mapping that is not NULL.
+ *
+ * @mapping1: the first mapping to unlock
+ * @mapping2: the second mapping to unlock
+ */
+void filemap_invalidate_unlock_two(struct address_space *mapping1,
+ struct address_space *mapping2)
+{
+ if (mapping1)
+ up_write(&mapping1->invalidate_lock);
+ if (mapping2 && mapping1 != mapping2)
+ up_write(&mapping2->invalidate_lock);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_invalidate_unlock_two);
+
+/*
* In order to wait for pages to become available there must be
* waitqueues associated with pages. By using a hash table of
* waitqueues where the bucket discipline is to maintain all
@@ -2368,20 +2408,30 @@ static int filemap_update_page(struct kiocb *iocb,
{
int error;
+ if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
+ if (!filemap_invalidate_trylock_shared(mapping))
+ return -EAGAIN;
+ } else {
+ filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
+ }
+
if (!trylock_page(page)) {
+ error = -EAGAIN;
if (iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_NOIO))
- return -EAGAIN;
+ goto unlock_mapping;
if (!(iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_WAITQ)) {
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
put_and_wait_on_page_locked(page, TASK_KILLABLE);
return AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
}
error = __lock_page_async(page, iocb->ki_waitq);
if (error)
- return error;
+ goto unlock_mapping;
}
+ error = AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
if (!page->mapping)
- goto truncated;
+ goto unlock;
error = 0;
if (filemap_range_uptodate(mapping, iocb->ki_pos, iter, page))
@@ -2392,15 +2442,13 @@ static int filemap_update_page(struct kiocb *iocb,
goto unlock;
error = filemap_read_page(iocb->ki_filp, mapping, page);
- if (error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
- put_page(page);
- return error;
-truncated:
- unlock_page(page);
- put_page(page);
- return AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
+ goto unlock_mapping;
unlock:
unlock_page(page);
+unlock_mapping:
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
+ if (error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
+ put_page(page);
return error;
}
@@ -2415,6 +2463,19 @@ static int filemap_create_page(struct file *file,
if (!page)
return -ENOMEM;
+ /*
+ * Protect against truncate / hole punch. Grabbing invalidate_lock here
+ * assures we cannot instantiate and bring uptodate new pagecache pages
+ * after evicting page cache during truncate and before actually
+ * freeing blocks. Note that we could release invalidate_lock after
+ * inserting the page into page cache as the locked page would then be
+ * enough to synchronize with hole punching. But there are code paths
+ * such as filemap_update_page() filling in partially uptodate pages or
+ * ->readpages() that need to hold invalidate_lock while mapping blocks
+ * for IO so let's hold the lock here as well to keep locking rules
+ * simple.
+ */
+ filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
error = add_to_page_cache_lru(page, mapping, index,
mapping_gfp_constraint(mapping, GFP_KERNEL));
if (error == -EEXIST)
@@ -2426,9 +2487,11 @@ static int filemap_create_page(struct file *file,
if (error)
goto error;
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
pagevec_add(pvec, page);
return 0;
error:
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
put_page(page);
return error;
}
@@ -2967,6 +3030,7 @@ vm_fault_t filemap_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
pgoff_t max_off;
struct page *page;
vm_fault_t ret = 0;
+ bool mapping_locked = false;
max_off = DIV_ROUND_UP(i_size_read(inode), PAGE_SIZE);
if (unlikely(offset >= max_off))
@@ -2976,25 +3040,39 @@ vm_fault_t filemap_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
* Do we have something in the page cache already?
*/
page = find_get_page(mapping, offset);
- if (likely(page) && !(vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_TRIED)) {
+ if (likely(page)) {
/*
- * We found the page, so try async readahead before
- * waiting for the lock.
+ * We found the page, so try async readahead before waiting for
+ * the lock.
*/
- fpin = do_async_mmap_readahead(vmf, page);
- } else if (!page) {
+ if (!(vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_TRIED))
+ fpin = do_async_mmap_readahead(vmf, page);
+ if (unlikely(!PageUptodate(page))) {
+ filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
+ mapping_locked = true;
+ }
+ } else {
/* No page in the page cache at all */
count_vm_event(PGMAJFAULT);
count_memcg_event_mm(vmf->vma->vm_mm, PGMAJFAULT);
ret = VM_FAULT_MAJOR;
fpin = do_sync_mmap_readahead(vmf);
retry_find:
+ /*
+ * See comment in filemap_create_page() why we need
+ * invalidate_lock
+ */
+ if (!mapping_locked) {
+ filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
+ mapping_locked = true;
+ }
page = pagecache_get_page(mapping, offset,
FGP_CREAT|FGP_FOR_MMAP,
vmf->gfp_mask);
if (!page) {
if (fpin)
goto out_retry;
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
return VM_FAULT_OOM;
}
}
@@ -3014,8 +3092,20 @@ retry_find:
* We have a locked page in the page cache, now we need to check
* that it's up-to-date. If not, it is going to be due to an error.
*/
- if (unlikely(!PageUptodate(page)))
+ if (unlikely(!PageUptodate(page))) {
+ /*
+ * The page was in cache and uptodate and now it is not.
+ * Strange but possible since we didn't hold the page lock all
+ * the time. Let's drop everything get the invalidate lock and
+ * try again.
+ */
+ if (!mapping_locked) {
+ unlock_page(page);
+ put_page(page);
+ goto retry_find;
+ }
goto page_not_uptodate;
+ }
/*
* We've made it this far and we had to drop our mmap_lock, now is the
@@ -3026,6 +3116,8 @@ retry_find:
unlock_page(page);
goto out_retry;
}
+ if (mapping_locked)
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
/*
* Found the page and have a reference on it.
@@ -3056,6 +3148,7 @@ page_not_uptodate:
if (!error || error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
goto retry_find;
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
@@ -3067,6 +3160,8 @@ out_retry:
*/
if (page)
put_page(page);
+ if (mapping_locked)
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
if (fpin)
fput(fpin);
return ret | VM_FAULT_RETRY;
@@ -3437,6 +3532,8 @@ out:
*
* If the page does not get brought uptodate, return -EIO.
*
+ * The function expects mapping->invalidate_lock to be already held.
+ *
* Return: up to date page on success, ERR_PTR() on failure.
*/
struct page *read_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
@@ -3460,6 +3557,8 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(read_cache_page);
*
* If the page does not get brought uptodate, return -EIO.
*
+ * The function expects mapping->invalidate_lock to be already held.
+ *
* Return: up to date page on success, ERR_PTR() on failure.
*/
struct page *read_cache_page_gfp(struct address_space *mapping,
@@ -3704,12 +3803,12 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_perform_write);
* modification times and calls proper subroutines depending on whether we
* do direct IO or a standard buffered write.
*
- * It expects i_mutex to be grabbed unless we work on a block device or similar
+ * It expects i_rwsem to be grabbed unless we work on a block device or similar
* object which does not need locking at all.
*
* This function does *not* take care of syncing data in case of O_SYNC write.
* A caller has to handle it. This is mainly due to the fact that we want to
- * avoid syncing under i_mutex.
+ * avoid syncing under i_rwsem.
*
* Return:
* * number of bytes written, even for truncated writes
@@ -3797,7 +3896,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(__generic_file_write_iter);
*
* This is a wrapper around __generic_file_write_iter() to be used by most
* filesystems. It takes care of syncing the file in case of O_SYNC file
- * and acquires i_mutex as needed.
+ * and acquires i_rwsem as needed.
* Return:
* * negative error code if no data has been written at all of
* vfs_fsync_range() failed for a synchronous write
diff --git a/mm/madvise.c b/mm/madvise.c
index 5c065bc8b5f6..56324a3dbc4e 100644
--- a/mm/madvise.c
+++ b/mm/madvise.c
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ static long madvise_remove(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
+ ((loff_t)vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT);
/*
- * Filesystem's fallocate may need to take i_mutex. We need to
+ * Filesystem's fallocate may need to take i_rwsem. We need to
* explicitly grab a reference because the vma (and hence the
* vma's reference to the file) can go away as soon as we drop
* mmap_lock.
diff --git a/mm/memory-failure.c b/mm/memory-failure.c
index 470400cc7513..e1f87cf13235 100644
--- a/mm/memory-failure.c
+++ b/mm/memory-failure.c
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ static int me_pagecache_clean(struct page *p, unsigned long pfn)
/*
* Truncation is a bit tricky. Enable it per file system for now.
*
- * Open: to take i_mutex or not for this? Right now we don't.
+ * Open: to take i_rwsem or not for this? Right now we don't.
*/
ret = truncate_error_page(p, pfn, mapping);
out:
diff --git a/mm/readahead.c b/mm/readahead.c
index d589f147f4c2..41b75d76d36e 100644
--- a/mm/readahead.c
+++ b/mm/readahead.c
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ void page_cache_ra_unbounded(struct readahead_control *ractl,
*/
unsigned int nofs = memalloc_nofs_save();
+ filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
/*
* Preallocate as many pages as we will need.
*/
@@ -236,6 +237,7 @@ void page_cache_ra_unbounded(struct readahead_control *ractl,
* will then handle the error.
*/
read_pages(ractl, &page_pool, false);
+ filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
memalloc_nofs_restore(nofs);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(page_cache_ra_unbounded);
diff --git a/mm/rmap.c b/mm/rmap.c
index b9eb5c12f3fe..2d29a57d29e8 100644
--- a/mm/rmap.c
+++ b/mm/rmap.c
@@ -20,28 +20,29 @@
/*
* Lock ordering in mm:
*
- * inode->i_mutex (while writing or truncating, not reading or faulting)
+ * inode->i_rwsem (while writing or truncating, not reading or faulting)
* mm->mmap_lock
- * page->flags PG_locked (lock_page) * (see huegtlbfs below)
- * hugetlbfs_i_mmap_rwsem_key (in huge_pmd_share)
- * mapping->i_mmap_rwsem
- * hugetlb_fault_mutex (hugetlbfs specific page fault mutex)
- * anon_vma->rwsem
- * mm->page_table_lock or pte_lock
- * swap_lock (in swap_duplicate, swap_info_get)
- * mmlist_lock (in mmput, drain_mmlist and others)
- * mapping->private_lock (in __set_page_dirty_buffers)
- * lock_page_memcg move_lock (in __set_page_dirty_buffers)
- * i_pages lock (widely used)
- * lruvec->lru_lock (in lock_page_lruvec_irq)
- * inode->i_lock (in set_page_dirty's __mark_inode_dirty)
- * bdi.wb->list_lock (in set_page_dirty's __mark_inode_dirty)
- * sb_lock (within inode_lock in fs/fs-writeback.c)
- * i_pages lock (widely used, in set_page_dirty,
- * in arch-dependent flush_dcache_mmap_lock,
- * within bdi.wb->list_lock in __sync_single_inode)
+ * mapping->invalidate_lock (in filemap_fault)
+ * page->flags PG_locked (lock_page) * (see hugetlbfs below)
+ * hugetlbfs_i_mmap_rwsem_key (in huge_pmd_share)
+ * mapping->i_mmap_rwsem
+ * hugetlb_fault_mutex (hugetlbfs specific page fault mutex)
+ * anon_vma->rwsem
+ * mm->page_table_lock or pte_lock
+ * swap_lock (in swap_duplicate, swap_info_get)
+ * mmlist_lock (in mmput, drain_mmlist and others)
+ * mapping->private_lock (in __set_page_dirty_buffers)
+ * lock_page_memcg move_lock (in __set_page_dirty_buffers)
+ * i_pages lock (widely used)
+ * lruvec->lru_lock (in lock_page_lruvec_irq)
+ * inode->i_lock (in set_page_dirty's __mark_inode_dirty)
+ * bdi.wb->list_lock (in set_page_dirty's __mark_inode_dirty)
+ * sb_lock (within inode_lock in fs/fs-writeback.c)
+ * i_pages lock (widely used, in set_page_dirty,
+ * in arch-dependent flush_dcache_mmap_lock,
+ * within bdi.wb->list_lock in __sync_single_inode)
*
- * anon_vma->rwsem,mapping->i_mutex (memory_failure, collect_procs_anon)
+ * anon_vma->rwsem,mapping->i_mmap_rwsem (memory_failure, collect_procs_anon)
* ->tasklist_lock
* pte map lock
*
diff --git a/mm/shmem.c b/mm/shmem.c
index dacda7463d54..3107acee4f71 100644
--- a/mm/shmem.c
+++ b/mm/shmem.c
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ static struct vfsmount *shm_mnt;
/*
* shmem_fallocate communicates with shmem_fault or shmem_writepage via
- * inode->i_private (with i_mutex making sure that it has only one user at
+ * inode->i_private (with i_rwsem making sure that it has only one user at
* a time): we would prefer not to enlarge the shmem inode just for that.
*/
struct shmem_falloc {
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ static int shmem_free_swap(struct address_space *mapping,
* Determine (in bytes) how many of the shmem object's pages mapped by the
* given offsets are swapped out.
*
- * This is safe to call without i_mutex or the i_pages lock thanks to RCU,
+ * This is safe to call without i_rwsem or the i_pages lock thanks to RCU,
* as long as the inode doesn't go away and racy results are not a problem.
*/
unsigned long shmem_partial_swap_usage(struct address_space *mapping,
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@ unsigned long shmem_partial_swap_usage(struct address_space *mapping,
* Determine (in bytes) how many of the shmem object's pages mapped by the
* given vma is swapped out.
*
- * This is safe to call without i_mutex or the i_pages lock thanks to RCU,
+ * This is safe to call without i_rwsem or the i_pages lock thanks to RCU,
* as long as the inode doesn't go away and racy results are not a problem.
*/
unsigned long shmem_swap_usage(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ static int shmem_setattr(struct user_namespace *mnt_userns,
loff_t oldsize = inode->i_size;
loff_t newsize = attr->ia_size;
- /* protected by i_mutex */
+ /* protected by i_rwsem */
if ((newsize < oldsize && (info->seals & F_SEAL_SHRINK)) ||
(newsize > oldsize && (info->seals & F_SEAL_GROW)))
return -EPERM;
@@ -2059,7 +2059,7 @@ static vm_fault_t shmem_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
/*
* Trinity finds that probing a hole which tmpfs is punching can
* prevent the hole-punch from ever completing: which in turn
- * locks writers out with its hold on i_mutex. So refrain from
+ * locks writers out with its hold on i_rwsem. So refrain from
* faulting pages into the hole while it's being punched. Although
* shmem_undo_range() does remove the additions, it may be unable to
* keep up, as each new page needs its own unmap_mapping_range() call,
@@ -2070,7 +2070,7 @@ static vm_fault_t shmem_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
* we just need to make racing faults a rare case.
*
* The implementation below would be much simpler if we just used a
- * standard mutex or completion: but we cannot take i_mutex in fault,
+ * standard mutex or completion: but we cannot take i_rwsem in fault,
* and bloating every shmem inode for this unlikely case would be sad.
*/
if (unlikely(inode->i_private)) {
@@ -2470,7 +2470,7 @@ shmem_write_begin(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
struct shmem_inode_info *info = SHMEM_I(inode);
pgoff_t index = pos >> PAGE_SHIFT;
- /* i_mutex is held by caller */
+ /* i_rwsem is held by caller */
if (unlikely(info->seals & (F_SEAL_GROW |
F_SEAL_WRITE | F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE))) {
if (info->seals & (F_SEAL_WRITE | F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE))
@@ -2570,7 +2570,7 @@ static ssize_t shmem_file_read_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *to)
/*
* We must evaluate after, since reads (unlike writes)
- * are called without i_mutex protection against truncate
+ * are called without i_rwsem protection against truncate
*/
nr = PAGE_SIZE;
i_size = i_size_read(inode);
@@ -2640,7 +2640,7 @@ static loff_t shmem_file_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence)
return -ENXIO;
inode_lock(inode);
- /* We're holding i_mutex so we can access i_size directly */
+ /* We're holding i_rwsem so we can access i_size directly */
offset = mapping_seek_hole_data(mapping, offset, inode->i_size, whence);
if (offset >= 0)
offset = vfs_setpos(file, offset, MAX_LFS_FILESIZE);
@@ -2669,7 +2669,7 @@ static long shmem_fallocate(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
loff_t unmap_end = round_down(offset + len, PAGE_SIZE) - 1;
DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_ONSTACK(shmem_falloc_waitq);
- /* protected by i_mutex */
+ /* protected by i_rwsem */
if (info->seals & (F_SEAL_WRITE | F_SEAL_FUTURE_WRITE)) {
error = -EPERM;
goto out;
diff --git a/mm/truncate.c b/mm/truncate.c
index 234ddd879caa..44ad5e515140 100644
--- a/mm/truncate.c
+++ b/mm/truncate.c
@@ -412,7 +412,8 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(truncate_inode_pages_range);
* @mapping: mapping to truncate
* @lstart: offset from which to truncate
*
- * Called under (and serialised by) inode->i_mutex.
+ * Called under (and serialised by) inode->i_rwsem and
+ * mapping->invalidate_lock.
*
* Note: When this function returns, there can be a page in the process of
* deletion (inside __delete_from_page_cache()) in the specified range. Thus
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(truncate_inode_pages);
* truncate_inode_pages_final - truncate *all* pages before inode dies
* @mapping: mapping to truncate
*
- * Called under (and serialized by) inode->i_mutex.
+ * Called under (and serialized by) inode->i_rwsem.
*
* Filesystems have to use this in the .evict_inode path to inform the
* VM that this is the final truncate and the inode is going away.
@@ -748,7 +749,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(truncate_pagecache);
* setattr function when ATTR_SIZE is passed in.
*
* Must be called with a lock serializing truncates and writes (generally
- * i_mutex but e.g. xfs uses a different lock) and before all filesystem
+ * i_rwsem but e.g. xfs uses a different lock) and before all filesystem
* specific block truncation has been performed.
*/
void truncate_setsize(struct inode *inode, loff_t newsize)
@@ -777,7 +778,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(truncate_setsize);
*
* The function must be called after i_size is updated so that page fault
* coming after we unlock the page will already see the new i_size.
- * The function must be called while we still hold i_mutex - this not only
+ * The function must be called while we still hold i_rwsem - this not only
* makes sure i_size is stable but also that userspace cannot observe new
* i_size value before we are prepared to store mmap writes at new inode size.
*/