From f53cbdab011b200c67c7e5f476046828014501eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Rafael J. Wysocki" Date: Wed, 2 Jun 2021 20:15:10 +0200 Subject: cpuidle: teo: Cosmetic modifications of teo_update() Rename a local variable in teo_update() so that its purpose is better reflected by its name and use one more local variable in the loop over the CPU idle states in that function to make the code somewhat easier to read. No functional impact. Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki --- drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c | 13 +++++++------ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) (limited to 'drivers/cpuidle') diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c index ac4bb27d69b0..e97ae84fa5a8 100644 --- a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct teo_cpu, teo_cpus); static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev) { struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu); - int i, idx_hit = 0, idx_timer = 0; + int i, idx_timer = 0, idx_duration = 0; unsigned int hits, misses; u64 measured_ns; @@ -156,14 +156,15 @@ static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev) * states matching the sleep length and the measured idle duration. */ for (i = 0; i < drv->state_count; i++) { + s64 target_residency_ns = drv->states[i].target_residency_ns; unsigned int early_hits = cpu_data->states[i].early_hits; cpu_data->states[i].early_hits -= early_hits >> DECAY_SHIFT; - if (drv->states[i].target_residency_ns <= cpu_data->sleep_length_ns) { + if (target_residency_ns <= cpu_data->sleep_length_ns) { idx_timer = i; - if (drv->states[i].target_residency_ns <= measured_ns) - idx_hit = i; + if (target_residency_ns <= measured_ns) + idx_duration = i; } } @@ -181,11 +182,11 @@ static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev) misses = cpu_data->states[idx_timer].misses; misses -= misses >> DECAY_SHIFT; - if (idx_timer == idx_hit) { + if (idx_timer == idx_duration) { hits += PULSE; } else { misses += PULSE; - cpu_data->states[idx_hit].early_hits += PULSE; + cpu_data->states[idx_duration].early_hits += PULSE; } cpu_data->states[idx_timer].misses = misses; -- cgit v1.2.3 From b18e0de1cf85eed6e9ced086d6323e867d4b57aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Rafael J. Wysocki" Date: Wed, 2 Jun 2021 20:15:52 +0200 Subject: cpuidle: teo: Cosmetic modification of teo_select() Initialize local variables in teo_select() where they are declared. No functional impact. Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki --- drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c | 18 +++++++----------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) (limited to 'drivers/cpuidle') diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c index e97ae84fa5a8..173ab30b9a06 100644 --- a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c @@ -241,10 +241,15 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, { struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu); s64 latency_req = cpuidle_governor_latency_req(dev->cpu); - int max_early_idx, prev_max_early_idx, constraint_idx, idx0, idx, i; - unsigned int hits, misses, early_hits; + int constraint_idx = drv->state_count; + unsigned int hits = 0, misses = 0; + unsigned int early_hits = 0; + int prev_max_early_idx = -1; + int max_early_idx = -1; + int idx0 = -1, idx = -1; ktime_t delta_tick; s64 duration_ns; + int i; if (dev->last_state_idx >= 0) { teo_update(drv, dev); @@ -256,15 +261,6 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, duration_ns = tick_nohz_get_sleep_length(&delta_tick); cpu_data->sleep_length_ns = duration_ns; - hits = 0; - misses = 0; - early_hits = 0; - max_early_idx = -1; - prev_max_early_idx = -1; - constraint_idx = drv->state_count; - idx = -1; - idx0 = idx; - for (i = 0; i < drv->state_count; i++) { struct cpuidle_state *s = &drv->states[i]; -- cgit v1.2.3 From c410a9a142f152006c21a858d734a9f868bc90a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Rafael J. Wysocki" Date: Wed, 2 Jun 2021 20:16:32 +0200 Subject: cpuidle: teo: Change the main idle state selection logic Two aspects of the current main idle state selection logic in the TEO (Timer Events Oriented) cpuidle governor are quite questionable. First of all, the "hits" and "misses" metrics used by it are only updated for a given idle state if the time till the next timer event ("sleep length") is between the target residency of that state and the target residency of the next one. Consequently, they are likely to become stale if the sleep length tends to fall outside that interval which increases the likelihood of subomtimal idle state selection. Second, the decision on whether or not to select the idle state "matching" the sleep length is based on the metrics collected for that state alone, whereas in principle the metrics collected for the other idle states should be taken into consideration when that decision is made. For example, if the measured idle duration is less than the target residency of the idle state "matching" the sleep length, then it is also less than the target residency of any deeper idle state and that should be taken into account when considering whether or not to select any of those states, but currently it is not. In order to address the above shortcomings, modify the main idle state selection logic in the TEO governor to take the metrics collected for all of the idle states into account when deciding whether or not to select the one "matching" the sleep length. Moreover, drop the "misses" metric that becomes redundant after the above change and rename the "early_hits" metric to "intercepts" so that its role is better reflected by its name (the idea being that if a CPU wakes up earlier than indicated by the sleep length, then it must be a result of a non-timer interrupt that "intercepts" the CPU). Also rename the states[] array in struct struct teo_cpu to state_bins[] to avoid confusing it with the states[] array in struct cpuidle_driver and update the documentation to match the new code (and make it more comprehensive while at it). Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki --- drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c | 368 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------ 1 file changed, 200 insertions(+), 168 deletions(-) (limited to 'drivers/cpuidle') diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c index 173ab30b9a06..5bcd45f1d610 100644 --- a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c @@ -2,47 +2,90 @@ /* * Timer events oriented CPU idle governor * - * Copyright (C) 2018 Intel Corporation + * Copyright (C) 2018 - 2021 Intel Corporation * Author: Rafael J. Wysocki * * The idea of this governor is based on the observation that on many systems * timer events are two or more orders of magnitude more frequent than any - * other interrupts, so they are likely to be the most significant source of CPU + * other interrupts, so they are likely to be the most significant cause of CPU * wakeups from idle states. Moreover, information about what happened in the * (relatively recent) past can be used to estimate whether or not the deepest - * idle state with target residency within the time to the closest timer is - * likely to be suitable for the upcoming idle time of the CPU and, if not, then - * which of the shallower idle states to choose. + * idle state with target residency within the (known) time till the closest + * timer event, referred to as the sleep length, is likely to be suitable for + * the upcoming CPU idle period and, if not, then which of the shallower idle + * states to choose instead of it. * - * Of course, non-timer wakeup sources are more important in some use cases and - * they can be covered by taking a few most recent idle time intervals of the - * CPU into account. However, even in that case it is not necessary to consider - * idle duration values greater than the time till the closest timer, as the - * patterns that they may belong to produce average values close enough to - * the time till the closest timer (sleep length) anyway. + * Of course, non-timer wakeup sources are more important in some use cases + * which can be covered by taking a few most recent idle time intervals of the + * CPU into account. However, even in that context it is not necessary to + * consider idle duration values greater than the sleep length, because the + * closest timer will ultimately wake up the CPU anyway unless it is woken up + * earlier. * - * Thus this governor estimates whether or not the upcoming idle time of the CPU - * is likely to be significantly shorter than the sleep length and selects an - * idle state for it in accordance with that, as follows: + * Thus this governor estimates whether or not the prospective idle duration of + * a CPU is likely to be significantly shorter than the sleep length and selects + * an idle state for it accordingly. * - * - Find an idle state on the basis of the sleep length and state statistics - * collected over time: + * The computations carried out by this governor are based on using bins whose + * boundaries are aligned with the target residency parameter values of the CPU + * idle states provided by the cpuidle driver in the ascending order. That is, + * the first bin spans from 0 up to, but not including, the target residency of + * the second idle state (idle state 1), the second bin spans from the target + * residency of idle state 1 up to, but not including, the target residency of + * idle state 2, the third bin spans from the target residency of idle state 2 + * up to, but not including, the target residency of idle state 3 and so on. + * The last bin spans from the target residency of the deepest idle state + * supplied by the driver to infinity. * - * o Find the deepest idle state whose target residency is less than or equal - * to the sleep length. + * Two metrics called "hits" and "intercepts" are associated with each bin. + * They are updated every time before selecting an idle state for the given CPU + * in accordance with what happened last time. * - * o Select it if it matched both the sleep length and the observed idle - * duration in the past more often than it matched the sleep length alone - * (i.e. the observed idle duration was significantly shorter than the sleep - * length matched by it). + * The "hits" metric reflects the relative frequency of situations in which the + * sleep length and the idle duration measured after CPU wakeup fall into the + * same bin (that is, the CPU appears to wake up "on time" relative to the sleep + * length). In turn, the "intercepts" metric reflects the relative frequency of + * situations in which the measured idle duration is so much shorter than the + * sleep length that the bin it falls into corresponds to an idle state + * shallower than the one whose bin is fallen into by the sleep length. * - * o Otherwise, select the shallower state with the greatest matched "early" - * wakeups metric. + * In order to select an idle state for a CPU, the governor takes the following + * steps (modulo the possible latency constraint that must be taken into account + * too): * - * - If the majority of the most recent idle duration values are below the - * target residency of the idle state selected so far, use those values to - * compute the new expected idle duration and find an idle state matching it - * (which has to be shallower than the one selected so far). + * 1. Find the deepest CPU idle state whose target residency does not exceed + * the current sleep length (the candidate idle state) and compute two sums + * as follows: + * + * - The sum of the "hits" and "intercepts" metrics for the candidate state + * and all of the deeper idle states (it represents the cases in which the + * CPU was idle long enough to avoid being intercepted if the sleep length + * had been equal to the current one). + * + * - The sum of the "intercepts" metrics for all of the idle states shallower + * than the candidate one (it represents the cases in which the CPU was not + * idle long enough to avoid being intercepted if the sleep length had been + * equal to the current one). + * + * 2. If the second sum is greater than the first one, look for an alternative + * idle state to select. + * + * - Traverse the idle states shallower than the candidate one in the + * descending order. + * + * - For each of them compute the sum of the "intercepts" metrics over all of + * the idle states between it and the candidate one (including the former + * and excluding the latter). + * + * - If that sum is greater than a half of the second sum computed in step 1 + * (which means that the target residency of the state in question had not + * exceeded the idle duration in over a half of the relevant cases), select + * the given idle state instead of the candidate one. + * + * 3. If the majority of the most recent idle duration values are below the + * current anticipated idle duration, use those values to compute the new + * expected idle duration and find an idle state matching it (which has to + * be shallower than the current candidate one). */ #include @@ -65,44 +108,29 @@ #define INTERVALS 8 /** - * struct teo_idle_state - Idle state data used by the TEO cpuidle governor. - * @early_hits: "Early" CPU wakeups "matching" this state. - * @hits: "On time" CPU wakeups "matching" this state. - * @misses: CPU wakeups "missing" this state. - * - * A CPU wakeup is "matched" by a given idle state if the idle duration measured - * after the wakeup is between the target residency of that state and the target - * residency of the next one (or if this is the deepest available idle state, it - * "matches" a CPU wakeup when the measured idle duration is at least equal to - * its target residency). - * - * Also, from the TEO governor perspective, a CPU wakeup from idle is "early" if - * it occurs significantly earlier than the closest expected timer event (that - * is, early enough to match an idle state shallower than the one matching the - * time till the closest timer event). Otherwise, the wakeup is "on time", or - * it is a "hit". - * - * A "miss" occurs when the given state doesn't match the wakeup, but it matches - * the time till the closest timer event used for idle state selection. + * struct teo_bin - Metrics used by the TEO cpuidle governor. + * @intercepts: The "intercepts" metric. + * @hits: The "hits" metric. */ -struct teo_idle_state { - unsigned int early_hits; +struct teo_bin { + unsigned int intercepts; unsigned int hits; - unsigned int misses; }; /** * struct teo_cpu - CPU data used by the TEO cpuidle governor. * @time_span_ns: Time between idle state selection and post-wakeup update. * @sleep_length_ns: Time till the closest timer event (at the selection time). - * @states: Idle states data corresponding to this CPU. + * @state_bins: Idle state data bins for this CPU. + * @total: Grand total of the "intercepts" and "hits" mertics for all bins. * @interval_idx: Index of the most recent saved idle interval. * @intervals: Saved idle duration values. */ struct teo_cpu { s64 time_span_ns; s64 sleep_length_ns; - struct teo_idle_state states[CPUIDLE_STATE_MAX]; + struct teo_bin state_bins[CPUIDLE_STATE_MAX]; + unsigned int total; int interval_idx; u64 intervals[INTERVALS]; }; @@ -110,7 +138,7 @@ struct teo_cpu { static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct teo_cpu, teo_cpus); /** - * teo_update - Update CPU data after wakeup. + * teo_update - Update CPU metrics after wakeup. * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data. * @dev: Target CPU. */ @@ -118,7 +146,6 @@ static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev) { struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu); int i, idx_timer = 0, idx_duration = 0; - unsigned int hits, misses; u64 measured_ns; if (cpu_data->time_span_ns >= cpu_data->sleep_length_ns) { @@ -151,15 +178,21 @@ static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev) measured_ns /= 2; } + cpu_data->total = 0; + /* - * Decay the "early hits" metric for all of the states and find the - * states matching the sleep length and the measured idle duration. + * Decay the "hits" and "intercepts" metrics for all of the bins and + * find the bins that the sleep length and the measured idle duration + * fall into. */ for (i = 0; i < drv->state_count; i++) { s64 target_residency_ns = drv->states[i].target_residency_ns; - unsigned int early_hits = cpu_data->states[i].early_hits; + struct teo_bin *bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i]; + + bin->hits -= bin->hits >> DECAY_SHIFT; + bin->intercepts -= bin->intercepts >> DECAY_SHIFT; - cpu_data->states[i].early_hits -= early_hits >> DECAY_SHIFT; + cpu_data->total += bin->hits + bin->intercepts; if (target_residency_ns <= cpu_data->sleep_length_ns) { idx_timer = i; @@ -169,28 +202,17 @@ static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev) } /* - * Update the "hits" and "misses" data for the state matching the sleep - * length. If it matches the measured idle duration too, this is a hit, - * so increase the "hits" metric for it then. Otherwise, this is a - * miss, so increase the "misses" metric for it. In the latter case - * also increase the "early hits" metric for the state that actually - * matches the measured idle duration. + * If the measured idle duration falls into the same bin as the sleep + * length, this is a "hit", so update the "hits" metric for that bin. + * Otherwise, update the "intercepts" metric for the bin fallen into by + * the measured idle duration. */ - hits = cpu_data->states[idx_timer].hits; - hits -= hits >> DECAY_SHIFT; - - misses = cpu_data->states[idx_timer].misses; - misses -= misses >> DECAY_SHIFT; - - if (idx_timer == idx_duration) { - hits += PULSE; - } else { - misses += PULSE; - cpu_data->states[idx_duration].early_hits += PULSE; - } + if (idx_timer == idx_duration) + cpu_data->state_bins[idx_timer].hits += PULSE; + else + cpu_data->state_bins[idx_duration].intercepts += PULSE; - cpu_data->states[idx_timer].misses = misses; - cpu_data->states[idx_timer].hits = hits; + cpu_data->total += PULSE; /* * Save idle duration values corresponding to non-timer wakeups for @@ -206,6 +228,12 @@ static bool teo_time_ok(u64 interval_ns) return !tick_nohz_tick_stopped() || interval_ns >= TICK_NSEC; } +static s64 teo_middle_of_bin(int idx, struct cpuidle_driver *drv) +{ + return (drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns + + drv->states[idx+1].target_residency_ns) / 2; +} + /** * teo_find_shallower_state - Find shallower idle state matching given duration. * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data. @@ -241,12 +269,12 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, { struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu); s64 latency_req = cpuidle_governor_latency_req(dev->cpu); - int constraint_idx = drv->state_count; - unsigned int hits = 0, misses = 0; - unsigned int early_hits = 0; - int prev_max_early_idx = -1; - int max_early_idx = -1; - int idx0 = -1, idx = -1; + unsigned int idx_intercept_sum = 0; + unsigned int intercept_sum = 0; + unsigned int idx_hit_sum = 0; + unsigned int hit_sum = 0; + int constraint_idx = 0; + int idx0 = 0, idx = -1; ktime_t delta_tick; s64 duration_ns; int i; @@ -261,119 +289,122 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, duration_ns = tick_nohz_get_sleep_length(&delta_tick); cpu_data->sleep_length_ns = duration_ns; - for (i = 0; i < drv->state_count; i++) { - struct cpuidle_state *s = &drv->states[i]; - - if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) { - /* - * Ignore disabled states with target residencies beyond - * the anticipated idle duration. - */ - if (s->target_residency_ns > duration_ns) - continue; - - /* - * This state is disabled, so the range of idle duration - * values corresponding to it is covered by the current - * candidate state, but still the "hits" and "misses" - * metrics of the disabled state need to be used to - * decide whether or not the state covering the range in - * question is good enough. - */ - hits = cpu_data->states[i].hits; - misses = cpu_data->states[i].misses; - - if (early_hits >= cpu_data->states[i].early_hits || - idx < 0) - continue; + /* Check if there is any choice in the first place. */ + if (drv->state_count < 2) { + idx = 0;; + goto end; + } + if (!dev->states_usage[0].disable) { + idx = 0; + if (drv->states[1].target_residency_ns > duration_ns) + goto end; + } - /* - * If the current candidate state has been the one with - * the maximum "early hits" metric so far, the "early - * hits" metric of the disabled state replaces the - * current "early hits" count to avoid selecting a - * deeper state with lower "early hits" metric. - */ - if (max_early_idx == idx) { - early_hits = cpu_data->states[i].early_hits; - continue; - } + /* + * Find the deepest idle state whose target residency does not exceed + * the current sleep length and the deepest idle state not deeper than + * the former whose exit latency does not exceed the current latency + * constraint. Compute the sums of metrics for early wakeup pattern + * detection. + */ + for (i = 1; i < drv->state_count; i++) { + struct teo_bin *prev_bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i-1]; + struct cpuidle_state *s = &drv->states[i]; - /* - * The current candidate state is closer to the disabled - * one than the current maximum "early hits" state, so - * replace the latter with it, but in case the maximum - * "early hits" state index has not been set so far, - * check if the current candidate state is not too - * shallow for that role. - */ - if (teo_time_ok(drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns)) { - prev_max_early_idx = max_early_idx; - early_hits = cpu_data->states[i].early_hits; - max_early_idx = idx; - } + /* + * Update the sums of idle state mertics for all of the states + * shallower than the current one. + */ + intercept_sum += prev_bin->intercepts; + hit_sum += prev_bin->hits; + if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) continue; - } if (idx < 0) { idx = i; /* first enabled state */ - hits = cpu_data->states[i].hits; - misses = cpu_data->states[i].misses; idx0 = i; } if (s->target_residency_ns > duration_ns) break; - if (s->exit_latency_ns > latency_req && constraint_idx > i) + idx = i; + + if (s->exit_latency_ns <= latency_req) constraint_idx = i; - idx = i; - hits = cpu_data->states[i].hits; - misses = cpu_data->states[i].misses; - - if (early_hits < cpu_data->states[i].early_hits && - teo_time_ok(drv->states[i].target_residency_ns)) { - prev_max_early_idx = max_early_idx; - early_hits = cpu_data->states[i].early_hits; - max_early_idx = i; - } + idx_intercept_sum = intercept_sum; + idx_hit_sum = hit_sum; + } + + /* Avoid unnecessary overhead. */ + if (idx < 0) { + idx = 0; /* No states enabled, must use 0. */ + goto end; + } else if (idx == idx0) { + goto end; } /* - * If the "hits" metric of the idle state matching the sleep length is - * greater than its "misses" metric, that is the one to use. Otherwise, - * it is more likely that one of the shallower states will match the - * idle duration observed after wakeup, so take the one with the maximum - * "early hits" metric, but if that cannot be determined, just use the - * state selected so far. + * If the sum of the intercepts metric for all of the idle states + * shallower than the current candidate one (idx) is greater than the + * sum of the intercepts and hits metrics for the candidate state and + * all of the deeper states, the CPU is likely to wake up early, so find + * an alternative idle state to select. */ - if (hits <= misses) { + if (2 * idx_intercept_sum > cpu_data->total - idx_hit_sum) { + s64 last_enabled_span_ns = duration_ns; + int last_enabled_idx = idx; + /* - * The current candidate state is not suitable, so take the one - * whose "early hits" metric is the maximum for the range of - * shallower states. + * Look for the deepest idle state whose target residency had + * not exceeded the idle duration in over a half of the relevant + * cases in the past. + * + * Take the possible latency constraint and duration limitation + * present if the tick has been stopped already into account. */ - if (idx == max_early_idx) - max_early_idx = prev_max_early_idx; + intercept_sum = 0; + + for (i = idx - 1; i >= idx0; i--) { + s64 span_ns; - if (max_early_idx >= 0) { - idx = max_early_idx; - duration_ns = drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns; + intercept_sum += cpu_data->state_bins[i].intercepts; + + if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) + continue; + + span_ns = teo_middle_of_bin(i, drv); + if (!teo_time_ok(span_ns)) { + /* + * The current state is too shallow, so select + * the first enabled deeper state. + */ + duration_ns = last_enabled_span_ns; + idx = last_enabled_idx; + break; + } + + if (2 * intercept_sum > idx_intercept_sum) { + idx = i; + duration_ns = span_ns; + break; + } + + last_enabled_span_ns = span_ns; + last_enabled_idx = i; } } /* - * If there is a latency constraint, it may be necessary to use a - * shallower idle state than the one selected so far. + * If there is a latency constraint, it may be necessary to select an + * idle state shallower than the current candidate one. */ - if (constraint_idx < idx) + if (idx > constraint_idx) idx = constraint_idx; - if (idx < 0) { - idx = 0; /* No states enabled. Must use 0. */ - } else if (idx > idx0) { + if (idx > idx0) { unsigned int count = 0; u64 sum = 0; @@ -416,6 +447,7 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, } } +end: /* * Don't stop the tick if the selected state is a polling one or if the * expected idle duration is shorter than the tick period length. -- cgit v1.2.3 From 77577558f25d40b82fba98673cf31ca16ba41d34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Rafael J. Wysocki" Date: Wed, 2 Jun 2021 20:17:18 +0200 Subject: cpuidle: teo: Rework most recent idle duration values treatment The TEO (Timer Events Oriented) cpuidle governor uses several most recent idle duration values for a given CPU to refine the idle state selection in case the previous long-term trends have not been followed recently and a new trend appears to be forming. That is done by computing the average of the most recent idle duration values falling below the time till the next timer event ("sleep length"), provided that they are the majority of the most recent idle duration values taken into account, and using it as the new expected idle duration value. However, idle state selection based on that value may not be optimal, because the average does not really indicate which of the idle states with target residencies less than or equal to it is likely to be the best fit. Thus, instead of computing the average, make the governor carry out computations based on the distribution of the most recent idle duration values among the bins corresponding to different idle states. Namely, if the majority of the most recent idle duration values taken into consideration are less than the current sleep length (which means that the CPU is likely to wake up early), find the idle state closest to the "candidate" one "matching" the sleep length whose target residency is less than or equal to the majority of the most recent idle duration values that have fallen below the current sleep length (which means that it is likely to be "shallow enough" this time). Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki --- drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c | 153 ++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-) (limited to 'drivers/cpuidle') diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c index 5bcd45f1d610..7c2024f91fd7 100644 --- a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c @@ -47,15 +47,20 @@ * length). In turn, the "intercepts" metric reflects the relative frequency of * situations in which the measured idle duration is so much shorter than the * sleep length that the bin it falls into corresponds to an idle state - * shallower than the one whose bin is fallen into by the sleep length. + * shallower than the one whose bin is fallen into by the sleep length (these + * situations are referred to as "intercepts" below). + * + * In addition to the metrics described above, the governor counts recent + * intercepts (that is, intercepts that have occurred during the last NR_RECENT + * invocations of it for the given CPU) for each bin. * * In order to select an idle state for a CPU, the governor takes the following * steps (modulo the possible latency constraint that must be taken into account * too): * * 1. Find the deepest CPU idle state whose target residency does not exceed - * the current sleep length (the candidate idle state) and compute two sums - * as follows: + * the current sleep length (the candidate idle state) and compute 3 sums as + * follows: * * - The sum of the "hits" and "intercepts" metrics for the candidate state * and all of the deeper idle states (it represents the cases in which the @@ -67,25 +72,29 @@ * idle long enough to avoid being intercepted if the sleep length had been * equal to the current one). * - * 2. If the second sum is greater than the first one, look for an alternative - * idle state to select. + * - The sum of the numbers of recent intercepts for all of the idle states + * shallower than the candidate one. + * + * 2. If the second sum is greater than the first one or the third sum is + * greater than NR_RECENT / 2, the CPU is likely to wake up early, so look + * for an alternative idle state to select. * * - Traverse the idle states shallower than the candidate one in the * descending order. * - * - For each of them compute the sum of the "intercepts" metrics over all of - * the idle states between it and the candidate one (including the former - * and excluding the latter). + * - For each of them compute the sum of the "intercepts" metrics and the sum + * of the numbers of recent intercepts over all of the idle states between + * it and the candidate one (including the former and excluding the + * latter). * - * - If that sum is greater than a half of the second sum computed in step 1 - * (which means that the target residency of the state in question had not - * exceeded the idle duration in over a half of the relevant cases), select - * the given idle state instead of the candidate one. + * - If each of these sums that needs to be taken into account (because the + * check related to it has indicated that the CPU is likely to wake up + * early) is greater than a half of the corresponding sum computed in step + * 1 (which means that the target residency of the state in question had + * not exceeded the idle duration in over a half of the relevant cases), + * select the given idle state instead of the candidate one. * - * 3. If the majority of the most recent idle duration values are below the - * current anticipated idle duration, use those values to compute the new - * expected idle duration and find an idle state matching it (which has to - * be shallower than the current candidate one). + * 3. By default, select the candidate state. */ #include @@ -103,18 +112,20 @@ /* * Number of the most recent idle duration values to take into consideration for - * the detection of wakeup patterns. + * the detection of recent early wakeup patterns. */ -#define INTERVALS 8 +#define NR_RECENT 9 /** * struct teo_bin - Metrics used by the TEO cpuidle governor. * @intercepts: The "intercepts" metric. * @hits: The "hits" metric. + * @recent: The number of recent "intercepts". */ struct teo_bin { unsigned int intercepts; unsigned int hits; + unsigned int recent; }; /** @@ -123,16 +134,16 @@ struct teo_bin { * @sleep_length_ns: Time till the closest timer event (at the selection time). * @state_bins: Idle state data bins for this CPU. * @total: Grand total of the "intercepts" and "hits" mertics for all bins. - * @interval_idx: Index of the most recent saved idle interval. - * @intervals: Saved idle duration values. + * @next_recent_idx: Index of the next @recent_idx entry to update. + * @recent_idx: Indices of bins corresponding to recent "intercepts". */ struct teo_cpu { s64 time_span_ns; s64 sleep_length_ns; struct teo_bin state_bins[CPUIDLE_STATE_MAX]; unsigned int total; - int interval_idx; - u64 intervals[INTERVALS]; + int next_recent_idx; + int recent_idx[NR_RECENT]; }; static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct teo_cpu, teo_cpus); @@ -201,26 +212,29 @@ static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev) } } + i = cpu_data->next_recent_idx++; + if (cpu_data->next_recent_idx >= NR_RECENT) + cpu_data->next_recent_idx = 0; + + if (cpu_data->recent_idx[i] >= 0) + cpu_data->state_bins[cpu_data->recent_idx[i]].recent--; + /* * If the measured idle duration falls into the same bin as the sleep * length, this is a "hit", so update the "hits" metric for that bin. * Otherwise, update the "intercepts" metric for the bin fallen into by * the measured idle duration. */ - if (idx_timer == idx_duration) + if (idx_timer == idx_duration) { cpu_data->state_bins[idx_timer].hits += PULSE; - else + cpu_data->recent_idx[i] = -1; + } else { cpu_data->state_bins[idx_duration].intercepts += PULSE; + cpu_data->state_bins[idx_duration].recent++; + cpu_data->recent_idx[i] = idx_duration; + } cpu_data->total += PULSE; - - /* - * Save idle duration values corresponding to non-timer wakeups for - * pattern detection. - */ - cpu_data->intervals[cpu_data->interval_idx++] = measured_ns; - if (cpu_data->interval_idx >= INTERVALS) - cpu_data->interval_idx = 0; } static bool teo_time_ok(u64 interval_ns) @@ -271,10 +285,13 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, s64 latency_req = cpuidle_governor_latency_req(dev->cpu); unsigned int idx_intercept_sum = 0; unsigned int intercept_sum = 0; + unsigned int idx_recent_sum = 0; + unsigned int recent_sum = 0; unsigned int idx_hit_sum = 0; unsigned int hit_sum = 0; int constraint_idx = 0; int idx0 = 0, idx = -1; + bool alt_intercepts, alt_recent; ktime_t delta_tick; s64 duration_ns; int i; @@ -317,6 +334,7 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, */ intercept_sum += prev_bin->intercepts; hit_sum += prev_bin->hits; + recent_sum += prev_bin->recent; if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) continue; @@ -336,6 +354,7 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, idx_intercept_sum = intercept_sum; idx_hit_sum = hit_sum; + idx_recent_sum = recent_sum; } /* Avoid unnecessary overhead. */ @@ -350,27 +369,36 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, * If the sum of the intercepts metric for all of the idle states * shallower than the current candidate one (idx) is greater than the * sum of the intercepts and hits metrics for the candidate state and - * all of the deeper states, the CPU is likely to wake up early, so find - * an alternative idle state to select. + * all of the deeper states, or the sum of the numbers of recent + * intercepts over all of the states shallower than the candidate one + * is greater than a half of the number of recent events taken into + * account, the CPU is likely to wake up early, so find an alternative + * idle state to select. */ - if (2 * idx_intercept_sum > cpu_data->total - idx_hit_sum) { + alt_intercepts = 2 * idx_intercept_sum > cpu_data->total - idx_hit_sum; + alt_recent = idx_recent_sum > NR_RECENT / 2; + if (alt_recent || alt_intercepts) { s64 last_enabled_span_ns = duration_ns; int last_enabled_idx = idx; /* * Look for the deepest idle state whose target residency had * not exceeded the idle duration in over a half of the relevant - * cases in the past. + * cases (both with respect to intercepts overall and with + * respect to the recent intercepts only) in the past. * * Take the possible latency constraint and duration limitation * present if the tick has been stopped already into account. */ intercept_sum = 0; + recent_sum = 0; for (i = idx - 1; i >= idx0; i--) { + struct teo_bin *bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i]; s64 span_ns; - intercept_sum += cpu_data->state_bins[i].intercepts; + intercept_sum += bin->intercepts; + recent_sum += bin->recent; if (dev->states_usage[i].disable) continue; @@ -386,7 +414,9 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, break; } - if (2 * intercept_sum > idx_intercept_sum) { + if ((!alt_recent || 2 * recent_sum > idx_recent_sum) && + (!alt_intercepts || + 2 * intercept_sum > idx_intercept_sum)) { idx = i; duration_ns = span_ns; break; @@ -404,49 +434,6 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, if (idx > constraint_idx) idx = constraint_idx; - if (idx > idx0) { - unsigned int count = 0; - u64 sum = 0; - - /* - * The target residencies of at least two different enabled idle - * states are less than or equal to the current expected idle - * duration. Try to refine the selection using the most recent - * measured idle duration values. - * - * Count and sum the most recent idle duration values less than - * the current expected idle duration value. - */ - for (i = 0; i < INTERVALS; i++) { - u64 val = cpu_data->intervals[i]; - - if (val >= duration_ns) - continue; - - count++; - sum += val; - } - - /* - * Give up unless the majority of the most recent idle duration - * values are in the interesting range. - */ - if (count > INTERVALS / 2) { - u64 avg_ns = div64_u64(sum, count); - - /* - * Avoid spending too much time in an idle state that - * would be too shallow. - */ - if (teo_time_ok(avg_ns)) { - duration_ns = avg_ns; - if (drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns > avg_ns) - idx = teo_find_shallower_state(drv, dev, - idx, avg_ns); - } - } - } - end: /* * Don't stop the tick if the selected state is a polling one or if the @@ -507,8 +494,8 @@ static int teo_enable_device(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, memset(cpu_data, 0, sizeof(*cpu_data)); - for (i = 0; i < INTERVALS; i++) - cpu_data->intervals[i] = U64_MAX; + for (i = 0; i < NR_RECENT; i++) + cpu_data->recent_idx[i] = -1; return 0; } -- cgit v1.2.3 From 154ae8bb3c830f0a568a5194ce7e631aa6bcfe8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Rafael J. Wysocki" Date: Wed, 2 Jun 2021 20:18:02 +0200 Subject: cpuidle: teo: Use kerneldoc documentation in admin-guide There are two descriptions of the TEO (Timer Events Oriented) cpuidle governor in the kernel source tree, one in the C file containing its code and one in cpuidle.rst which is part of admin-guide. Instead of trying to keep them both in sync and in order to reduce text duplication, include the governor description from the C file directly into cpuidle.rst. Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki --- drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c | 12 ++++++++---- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) (limited to 'drivers/cpuidle') diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c index 7c2024f91fd7..1e0b2f828abb 100644 --- a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ * * Copyright (C) 2018 - 2021 Intel Corporation * Author: Rafael J. Wysocki + */ + +/** + * DOC: teo-description * * The idea of this governor is based on the observation that on many systems * timer events are two or more orders of magnitude more frequent than any @@ -28,7 +32,7 @@ * * The computations carried out by this governor are based on using bins whose * boundaries are aligned with the target residency parameter values of the CPU - * idle states provided by the cpuidle driver in the ascending order. That is, + * idle states provided by the %CPUIdle driver in the ascending order. That is, * the first bin spans from 0 up to, but not including, the target residency of * the second idle state (idle state 1), the second bin spans from the target * residency of idle state 1 up to, but not including, the target residency of @@ -51,8 +55,8 @@ * situations are referred to as "intercepts" below). * * In addition to the metrics described above, the governor counts recent - * intercepts (that is, intercepts that have occurred during the last NR_RECENT - * invocations of it for the given CPU) for each bin. + * intercepts (that is, intercepts that have occurred during the last + * %NR_RECENT invocations of it for the given CPU) for each bin. * * In order to select an idle state for a CPU, the governor takes the following * steps (modulo the possible latency constraint that must be taken into account @@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ * shallower than the candidate one. * * 2. If the second sum is greater than the first one or the third sum is - * greater than NR_RECENT / 2, the CPU is likely to wake up early, so look + * greater than %NR_RECENT / 2, the CPU is likely to wake up early, so look * for an alternative idle state to select. * * - Traverse the idle states shallower than the candidate one in the -- cgit v1.2.3 From 795e0e38de2c36561a4f14e6e97b8a82f6f2e03c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Wan Jiabing Date: Tue, 15 Jun 2021 19:49:20 +0800 Subject: cpuidle: teo: remove unneeded semicolon in teo_select() Fix following coccicheck warning: drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c:315:10-11: Unneeded semicolon Signed-off-by: Wan Jiabing Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki --- drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) (limited to 'drivers/cpuidle') diff --git a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c index 1e0b2f828abb..7b91060e82f6 100644 --- a/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c +++ b/drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c @@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev, /* Check if there is any choice in the first place. */ if (drv->state_count < 2) { - idx = 0;; + idx = 0; goto end; } if (!dev->states_usage[0].disable) { -- cgit v1.2.3