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2020-08-17scripts/selinux,selinux: update mdp to enable policy capabilitiesStephen Smalley
Presently mdp does not enable any SELinux policy capabilities in the dummy policy it generates. Thus, policies derived from it will by default lack various features commonly used in modern policies such as open permission, extended socket classes, network peer controls, etc. Split the policy capability definitions out into their own headers so that we can include them into mdp without pulling in other kernel headers and extend mdp generate policycap statements for the policy capabilities known to the kernel. Policy authors may wish to selectively remove some of these from the generated policy. Signed-off-by: Stephen Smalley <stephen.smalley.work@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2020-08-09Merge tag 'kbuild-v5.9' of ↵Linus Torvalds
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild Pull Kbuild updates from Masahiro Yamada: - run the checker (e.g. sparse) after the compiler - remove unneeded cc-option tests for old compiler flags - fix tar-pkg to install dtbs - introduce ccflags-remove-y and asflags-remove-y syntax - allow to trace functions in sub-directories of lib/ - introduce hostprogs-always-y and userprogs-always-y syntax - various Makefile cleanups * tag 'kbuild-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild: kbuild: stop filtering out $(GCC_PLUGINS_CFLAGS) from cc-option base kbuild: include scripts/Makefile.* only when relevant CONFIG is enabled kbuild: introduce hostprogs-always-y and userprogs-always-y kbuild: sort hostprogs before passing it to ifneq kbuild: move host .so build rules to scripts/gcc-plugins/Makefile kbuild: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones kbuild: trace functions in subdirectories of lib/ kbuild: introduce ccflags-remove-y and asflags-remove-y kbuild: do not export LDFLAGS_vmlinux kbuild: always create directories of targets powerpc/boot: add DTB to 'targets' kbuild: buildtar: add dtbs support kbuild: remove cc-option test of -ffreestanding kbuild: remove cc-option test of -fno-stack-protector Revert "kbuild: Create directory for target DTB" kbuild: run the checker after the compiler
2020-08-10kbuild: introduce hostprogs-always-y and userprogs-always-yMasahiro Yamada
To build host programs, you need to add the program names to 'hostprogs' to use the necessary build rule, but it is not enough to build them because there is no dependency. There are two types of host programs: built as the prerequisite of another (e.g. gen_crc32table in lib/Makefile), or always built when Kbuild visits the Makefile (e.g. genksyms in scripts/genksyms/Makefile). The latter is typical in Makefiles under scripts/, which contains host programs globally used during the kernel build. To build them, you need to add them to both 'hostprogs' and 'always-y'. This commit adds hostprogs-always-y as a shorthand. The same applies to user programs. net/bpfilter/Makefile builds bpfilter_umh on demand, hence always-y is unneeded. In contrast, programs under samples/ are added to both 'userprogs' and 'always-y' so they are always built when Kbuild visits the Makefiles. userprogs-always-y works as a shorthand. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Acked-by: Miguel Ojeda <miguel.ojeda.sandonis@gmail.com>
2020-06-23scripts/selinux/mdp: fix initial SID handlingStephen Smalley
commit e3e0b582c321 ("selinux: remove unused initial SIDs and improve handling") broke scripts/selinux/mdp since the unused initial SID names were removed and the corresponding generation of policy initial SID definitions by mdp was not updated accordingly. Fix it. With latest upstream checkpolicy it is no longer necessary to include the SID context definitions for the unused initial SIDs but retain them for compatibility with older checkpolicy. Fixes: e3e0b582c321 ("selinux: remove unused initial SIDs and improve handling") Signed-off-by: Stephen Smalley <stephen.smalley.work@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2020-03-25.gitignore: add SPDX License IdentifierMasahiro Yamada
Add SPDX License Identifier to all .gitignore files. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2020-03-25.gitignore: remove too obvious commentsMasahiro Yamada
Some .gitignore files have comments like "Generated files", "Ignore generated files" at the header part, but they are too obvious. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2020-02-04kbuild: rename hostprogs-y/always to hostprogs/always-yMasahiro Yamada
In old days, the "host-progs" syntax was used for specifying host programs. It was renamed to the current "hostprogs-y" in 2004. It is typically useful in scripts/Makefile because it allows Kbuild to selectively compile host programs based on the kernel configuration. This commit renames like follows: always -> always-y hostprogs-y -> hostprogs So, scripts/Makefile will look like this: always-$(CONFIG_BUILD_BIN2C) += ... always-$(CONFIG_KALLSYMS) += ... ... hostprogs := $(always-y) $(always-m) I think this makes more sense because a host program is always a host program, irrespective of the kernel configuration. We want to specify which ones to compile by CONFIG options, so always-y will be handier. The "always", "hostprogs-y", "hostprogs-m" will be kept for backward compatibility for a while. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2019-05-30treewide: Replace GPLv2 boilerplate/reference with SPDX - rule 156Thomas Gleixner
Based on 1 normalized pattern(s): this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by the free software foundation either version 2 of the license or at your option any later version this program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but without any warranty without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose see the gnu general public license for more details you should have received a copy of the gnu general public license along with this program if not write to the free software foundation inc 59 temple place suite 330 boston ma 02111 1307 usa extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier GPL-2.0-or-later has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 1334 file(s). Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net> Reviewed-by: Richard Fontana <rfontana@redhat.com> Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190527070033.113240726@linutronix.de Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2019-03-19scripts/selinux: fix buildStephen Smalley
We need to add the object tree include directory to the include path for building mdp in order to pick up generated/autoconf.h. Otherwise, make O=/path/to/objtree breaks. Fixes: e37c1877ba5b ("scripts/selinux: modernize mdp") Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Signed-off-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2019-03-18selinux: use kernel linux/socket.h for genheaders and mdpPaulo Alcantara
When compiling genheaders and mdp from a newer host kernel, the following error happens: In file included from scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders.c:18: ./security/selinux/include/classmap.h:238:2: error: #error New address family defined, please update secclass_map. #error New address family defined, please update secclass_map. ^~~~~ make[3]: *** [scripts/Makefile.host:107: scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders] Error 1 make[2]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:599: scripts/selinux/genheaders] Error 2 make[1]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:599: scripts/selinux] Error 2 make[1]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs.... Instead of relying on the host definition, include linux/socket.h in classmap.h to have PF_MAX. Signed-off-by: Paulo Alcantara <paulo@paulo.ac> Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov> [PM: manually merge in mdp.c, subject line tweaks] Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2019-03-18scripts/selinux: modernize mdpStephen Smalley
Derived in part from a patch by Dominick Grift. The MDP example no longer works on modern systems. Fix it. While we are at it, add MLS support and enable it. NB This still does not work on systems using dbus-daemon instead of dbus-broker because dbus-daemon does not yet gracefully handle unknown classes/permissions. This appears to be a deficiency in libselinux's selinux_set_mapping() interface and underlying implementation, which was never fully updated to deal with unknown classes/permissions unlike the kernel. The same problem also occurs with XSELinux. Programs that instead use selinux_check_access() like dbus-broker should not have this problem. Changes to mdp: Add support for devtmpfs, required by modern Linux distributions. Add MLS support, with sample sensitivities, categories, and constraints. Generate fs_use and genfscon rules based on kernel configuration. Update list of filesystem types for fs_use and genfscon rules. Use object_r for object contexts. Changes to install_policy.sh: Bail immediately on any errors. Provide more helpful error messages when unable to find userspace tools. Refuse to run if SELinux is already enabled. Unconditionally move aside /etc/selinux/config and create a new one. Build policy with -U allow so that userspace object managers do not break. Build policy with MLS enabled by default. Create seusers, failsafe_context, and default_contexts for use by pam_selinux / libselinux. Create x_contexts for the SELinux X extension. Create virtual_domain_context and virtual_image_context for libvirtd. Set to permissive mode rather than enforcing to permit initial autorelabel. Update the list of filesystem types to be relabeled. Write -F to /.autorelabel to cause a forced autorelabel on reboot. Drop broken attempt to relabel the /dev mountpoint directory. Signed-off-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov> Acked-by: Dominick Grift <dominick.grift@defensec.nl> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2018-06-05staging: lustre: delete the filesystem from the tree.Greg Kroah-Hartman
The Lustre filesystem has been in the kernel tree for over 5 years now. While it has been an endless source of enjoyment for new kernel developers learning how to do basic codingstyle cleanups, as well as an semi-entertaining source of bewilderment from the vfs developers any time they have looked into the codebase to try to figure out how to port their latest api changes to this filesystem, it has not really moved forward into the "this is in shape to get out of staging" despite many half-completed attempts. And getting code out of staging is the main goal of that portion of the kernel tree. Code should not stagnate and it feels like having this code in staging is only causing the development cycle of the filesystem to take longer than it should. There is a whole separate out-of-tree copy of this codebase where the developers work on it, and then random changes are thrown over the wall at staging at some later point in time. This dual-tree development model has never worked, and the state of this codebase is proof of that. So, let's just delete the whole mess. Now the lustre developers can go off and work in their out-of-tree codebase and not have to worry about providing valid changelog entries and breaking their patches up into logical pieces. They can take the time they have spend doing those types of housekeeping chores and get the codebase into a much better shape, and it can be submitted for inclusion into the real part of the kernel tree when ready. Cc: Oleg Drokin <oleg.drokin@intel.com> Cc: Andreas Dilger <andreas.dilger@intel.com> Cc: James Simmons <jsimmons@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-02License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no licenseGreg Kroah-Hartman
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license. By default all files without license information are under the default license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2. Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0' SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text. This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and Philippe Ombredanne. How this work was done: Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of the use cases: - file had no licensing information it it. - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it, - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information, Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords. The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files. The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s) to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was: - Files considered eligible had to be source code files. - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5 lines of source - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5 lines). All documentation files were explicitly excluded. The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license identifiers to apply. - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was considered to have no license information in it, and the top level COPYING file license applied. For non */uapi/* files that summary was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 11139 and resulted in the first patch in this series. If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930 and resulted in the second patch in this series. - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in it (per prior point). Results summary: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------ GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270 GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17 LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15 GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14 ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5 LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4 LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1 and that resulted in the third patch in this series. - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became the concluded license(s). - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a license but the other didn't, or they both detected different licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred. - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics). - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier, the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later in time. In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so they are related. Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks in about 15000 files. In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the correct identifier. Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch version early this week with: - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected license ids and scores - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+ files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the different types of files to be modified. These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to generate the patches. Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org> Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com> Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-03-10selinux: include sys/socket.h in host programs to have PF_MAXNicolas Iooss
Compiling with clang and -Wundef makes the compiler report a usage of undefined PF_MAX macro in security/selinux/include/classmap.h: In file included from scripts/selinux/mdp/mdp.c:48: security/selinux/include/classmap.h:37:31: warning: no previous extern declaration for non-static variable 'secclass_map' [-Wmissing-variable-declarations] struct security_class_mapping secclass_map[] = { ^ security/selinux/include/classmap.h:235:5: error: 'PF_MAX' is not defined, evaluates to 0 [-Werror,-Wundef] #if PF_MAX > 43 ^ In file included from scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders.c:17: security/selinux/include/classmap.h:37:31: warning: no previous extern declaration for non-static variable 'secclass_map' [-Wmissing-variable-declarations] struct security_class_mapping secclass_map[] = { ^ security/selinux/include/classmap.h:235:5: error: 'PF_MAX' is not defined, evaluates to 0 [-Werror,-Wundef] #if PF_MAX > 43 ^ PF_MAX is defined in include/linux/socket.h but not in include/uapi/linux/socket.h. Therefore host programs have to rely on the definition from libc's /usr/include/bits/socket.h, included by <sys/socket.h>. Fix the issue by using sys/socket.h in mdp and genheaders. When classmap.h is included by security/selinux/avc.c, it uses the kernel definition of PF_MAX, which makes the test consistent. Signed-off-by: Nicolas Iooss <nicolas.iooss@m4x.org> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2016-12-21selinux: use the kernel headers when building scripts/selinuxPaul Moore
Commit 3322d0d64f4e ("selinux: keep SELinux in sync with new capability definitions") added a check on the defined capabilities without explicitly including the capability header file which caused problems when building genheaders for users of clang/llvm. Resolve this by using the kernel headers when building genheaders, which is arguably the right thing to do regardless, and explicitly including the kernel's capability.h header file in classmap.h. We also update the mdp build, even though it wasn't causing an error we really should be using the headers from the kernel we are building. Reported-by: Nicolas Iooss <nicolas.iooss@m4x.org> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2015-07-13selinux: explicitly declare the role "base_r"Laurent Bigonville
This fixes the compilation of policy generated by mdp with the recent version of checkpolicy. Signed-off-by: Laurent Bigonville <bigon@bigon.be> Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <pmoore@redhat.com>
2014-06-17selinux, kbuild: remove unnecessary $(hostprogs-y) from clean-filesMasahiro Yamada
Files added to hostprogs-y are cleaned. (See scripts/Makefile.clean) Adding them to clean-files is redundant. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.m@jp.panasonic.com> Acked-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <pmoore@redhat.com>
2009-10-07selinux: dynamic class/perm discoveryStephen Smalley
Modify SELinux to dynamically discover class and permission values upon policy load, based on the dynamic object class/perm discovery logic from libselinux. A mapping is created between kernel-private class and permission indices used outside the security server and the policy values used within the security server. The mappings are only applied upon kernel-internal computations; similar mappings for the private indices of userspace object managers is handled on a per-object manager basis by the userspace AVC. The interfaces for compute_av and transition_sid are split for kernel vs. userspace; the userspace functions are distinguished by a _user suffix. The kernel-private class indices are no longer tied to the policy values and thus do not need to skip indices for userspace classes; thus the kernel class index values are compressed. The flask.h definitions were regenerated by deleting the userspace classes from refpolicy's definitions and then regenerating the headers. Going forward, we can just maintain the flask.h, av_permissions.h, and classmap.h definitions separately from policy as they are no longer tied to the policy values. The next patch introduces a utility to automate generation of flask.h and av_permissions.h from the classmap.h definitions. The older kernel class and permission string tables are removed and replaced by a single security class mapping table that is walked at policy load to generate the mapping. The old kernel class validation logic is completely replaced by the mapping logic. The handle unknown logic is reworked. reject_unknown=1 is handled when the mappings are computed at policy load time, similar to the old handling by the class validation logic. allow_unknown=1 is handled when computing and mapping decisions - if the permission was not able to be mapped (i.e. undefined, mapped to zero), then it is automatically added to the allowed vector. If the class was not able to be mapped (i.e. undefined, mapped to zero), then all permissions are allowed for it if allow_unknown=1. avc_audit leverages the new security class mapping table to lookup the class and permission names from the kernel-private indices. The mdp program is updated to use the new table when generating the class definitions and allow rules for a minimal boot policy for the kernel. It should be noted that this policy will not include any userspace classes, nor will its policy index values for the kernel classes correspond with the ones in refpolicy (they will instead match the kernel-private indices). Signed-off-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2009-09-23Fix all -Wmissing-prototypes warnings in x86 defconfigTrevor Keith
Signed-off-by: Trevor Keith <tsrk@tsrk.net> Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-09-05SELinux: add gitignore file for mdp scriptJames Morris
Add gitignore file for scripts/selinux/mdp/mdp. Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
2008-08-27selinux: add support for installing a dummy policy (v2)Serge E. Hallyn
In August 2006 I posted a patch generating a minimal SELinux policy. This week, David P. Quigley posted an updated version of that as a patch against the kernel. It also had nice logic for auto-installing the policy. Following is David's original patch intro (preserved especially bc it has stats on the generated policies): se interested in the changes there were only two significant changes. The first is that the iteration through the list of classes used NULL as a sentinel value. The problem with this is that the class_to_string array actually has NULL entries in its table as place holders for the user space object classes. The second change was that it would seem at some point the initial sids table was NULL terminated. This is no longer the case so that iteration has to be done on array length instead of looking for NULL. Some statistics on the policy that it generates: The policy consists of 523 lines which contain no blank lines. Of those 523 lines 453 of them are class, permission, and initial sid definitions. These lines are usually little to no concern to the policy developer since they will not be adding object classes or permissions. Of the remaining 70 lines there is one type, one role, and one user statement. The remaining lines are broken into three portions. The first group are TE allow rules which make up 29 of the remaining lines, the second is assignment of labels to the initial sids which consist of 27 lines, and file system labeling statements which are the remaining 11. In addition to the policy.conf generated there is a single file_contexts file containing two lines which labels the entire system with base_t. This policy generates a policy.23 binary that is 7920 bytes. (then a few versions later...): The new policy is 587 lines (stripped of blank lines) with 476 of those lines being the boilerplate that I mentioned last time. The remaining 111 lines have the 3 lines for type, user, and role, 70 lines for the allow rules (one for each object class including user space object classes), 27 lines to assign types to the initial sids, and 11 lines for file system labeling. The policy binary is 9194 bytes. Changelog: Aug 26: Added Documentation/SELinux.txt Aug 26: Incorporated a set of comments by Stephen Smalley: 1. auto-setup SELINUXTYPE=dummy 2. don't auto-install if selinux is enabled with non-dummy policy 3. don't re-compute policy version 4. /sbin/setfiles not /usr/sbin/setfiles Aug 22: As per JMorris comments, made sure make distclean cleans up the mdp directory. Removed a check for file_contexts which is now created in the same file as the check, making it superfluous. Signed-off-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: David Quigley <dpquigl@tycho.nsa.gov> Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>