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During our recent testing with fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED), we find that if
given offset/length is not page-aligned, the last page will not be
discarded. The tool we use is vmtouch (https://hoytech.com/vmtouch/),
we map a 10KB-sized file into memory and then try to run this tool to
evict the whole file mapping, but the last single page always remains
staying in the memory:
$./vmtouch -e test_10K
Files: 1
Directories: 0
Evicted Pages: 3 (12K)
Elapsed: 2.1e-05 seconds
$./vmtouch test_10K
Files: 1
Directories: 0
Resident Pages: 1/3 4K/12K 33.3%
Elapsed: 5.5e-05 seconds
However when we test with an older kernel, say 3.10, this problem is
gone. So we wonder if this is a regression:
$./vmtouch -e test_10K
Files: 1
Directories: 0
Evicted Pages: 3 (12K)
Elapsed: 8.2e-05 seconds
$./vmtouch test_10K
Files: 1
Directories: 0
Resident Pages: 0/3 0/12K 0% <-- partial page also discarded
Elapsed: 5e-05 seconds
After digging a little bit into this problem, we find it seems not a
regression. Not discarding partial page is likely to be on purpose
according to commit 441c228f817f ("mm: fadvise: document the
fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED) behaviour for partial pages") written by Mel
Gorman. He explained why partial pages should be preserved instead of
being discarded when using fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED).
However, the interesting part is that the actual code did NOT work as
the same as it was described, the partial page was still discarded
anyway, due to a calculation mistake of `end_index' passed to
invalidate_mapping_pages(). This mistake has not been fixed until
recently, that's why we fail to reproduce our problem in old kernels.
The fix is done in commit 18aba41cbf ("mm/fadvise.c: do not discard
partial pages with POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED") by Oleg Drokin.
Back to the original testing, our problem becomes that there is a
special case that, if the page-unaligned `endbyte' is also the end of
file, it is not necessary at all to preserve the last partial page, as
we all know no one else will use the rest of it. It should be safe
enough if we just discard the whole page. So we add an EOF check in
this patch.
We also find a poosbile real world issue in mainline kernel. Assume
such scenario: A userspace backup application want to backup a huge
amount of small files (<4k) at once, the developer might (I guess) want
to use fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED) to save memory. However, FADV_DONTNEED
won't really happen since the only page mapped is a partial page, and
kernel will preserve it. Our patch also fixes this problem, since we
know the endbyte is EOF, so we discard it.
Here is a simple reproducer to reproduce and verify each scenario we
described above:
test_fadvise.c
==============================
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int i, fd, ret, len;
struct stat buf;
void *addr;
unsigned char *vec;
char *strbuf;
ssize_t pagesize = getpagesize();
ssize_t filesize;
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR|O_CREAT, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
if (fd < 0)
return -1;
filesize = strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 10);
strbuf = malloc(filesize);
memset(strbuf, 42, filesize);
write(fd, strbuf, filesize);
free(strbuf);
fsync(fd);
len = (filesize + pagesize - 1) / pagesize;
printf("length of pages: %d\n", len);
addr = mmap(NULL, filesize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
return -1;
ret = posix_fadvise(fd, 0, filesize, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
if (ret < 0)
return -1;
vec = malloc(len);
ret = mincore(addr, filesize, (void *)vec);
if (ret < 0)
return -1;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
printf("pages[%d]: %x\n", i, vec[i] & 0x1);
free(vec);
close(fd);
return 0;
}
==============================
Test 1: running on kernel with commit 18aba41cbf reverted:
[root@caspar ~]# uname -r
4.15.0-rc6.revert+
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise file1 1024
length of pages: 1
pages[0]: 0 # <-- partial page discarded
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise file2 8192
length of pages: 2
pages[0]: 0
pages[1]: 0
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise file3 10240
length of pages: 3
pages[0]: 0
pages[1]: 0
pages[2]: 0 # <-- partial page discarded
Test 2: running on mainline kernel:
[root@caspar ~]# uname -r
4.15.0-rc6+
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise test1 1024
length of pages: 1
pages[0]: 1 # <-- partial and the only page not discarded
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise test2 8192
length of pages: 2
pages[0]: 0
pages[1]: 0
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise test3 10240
length of pages: 3
pages[0]: 0
pages[1]: 0
pages[2]: 1 # <-- partial page not discarded
Test 3: running on kernel with this patch:
[root@caspar ~]# uname -r
4.15.0-rc6.patched+
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise test1 1024
length of pages: 1
pages[0]: 0 # <-- partial page and EOF, discarded
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise test2 8192
length of pages: 2
pages[0]: 0
pages[1]: 0
[root@caspar ~]# ./test_fadvise test3 10240
length of pages: 3
pages[0]: 0
pages[1]: 0
pages[2]: 0 # <-- partial page and EOF, discarded
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak code comment]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/5222da9ee20e1695eaabb69f631f200d6e6b8876.1515132470.git.jinli.zjl@alibaba-inc.com
Signed-off-by: shidao.ytt <shidao.ytt@alibaba-inc.com>
Signed-off-by: Caspar Zhang <jinli.zjl@alibaba-inc.com>
Reviewed-by: Oliver Yang <zhiche.yy@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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The fadvise() manpage is silent on fadvise()'s effect on memory-based
filesystems (shmem, hugetlbfs & ramfs) and pseudo file systems (procfs,
sysfs, kernfs). The current implementaion of fadvise is mostly a noop
for such filesystems except for FADV_DONTNEED which will trigger
expensive remote LRU cache draining. This patch makes the noop of
fadvise() on such file systems very explicit.
However this change has two side effects for ramfs and one for tmpfs.
First fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED) could remove the unmapped clean zero'ed
pages of ramfs (allocated through read, readahead & read fault) and
tmpfs (allocated through read fault). Also fadvise(FADV_WILLNEED) could
create such clean zero'ed pages for ramfs. This change removes those
possibilities.
One of our generic libraries does fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED). Recently we
observed high latency in fadvise() and noticed that the users have
started using tmpfs files and the latency was due to expensive remote
LRU cache draining. For normal tmpfs files (have data written on them),
fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED) will always trigger the unneeded remote cache
draining.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170818011023.181465-1-shakeelb@google.com
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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When FADV_DONTNEED cannot drop all pages in the range, it observes that
some pages might still be on per-cpu LRU caches after recent
instantiation and so initiates remote calls to all CPUs to flush their
local caches. However, in most cases, the fadvise happens from the same
context that instantiated the pages, and any pre-LRU pages in the
specified range are most likely sitting on the local CPU's LRU cache,
and so in many cases this results in unnecessary remote calls, which, in
a loaded system, can hold up the fadvise() call significantly.
[ I didn't record it in the extreme case we observed at Facebook,
unfortunately. We had a slow-to-respond system and noticed it
lru_add_drain_all() leading the profile during fadvise calls. This
patch came out of thinking about the code and how we commonly call
FADV_DONTNEED.
FWIW, I wrote a silly directory tree walker/searcher that recurses
through /usr to read and FADV_DONTNEED each file it finds. On a 2
socket 40 ht machine, over 1% is spent in lru_add_drain_all(). With
the patch, that cost is gone; the local drain cost shows at 0.09%. ]
Try to avoid the remote call by flushing the local LRU cache before even
attempting to invalidate anything. It's a cheap operation, and the
local LRU cache is the most likely to hold any pre-LRU pages in the
specified fadvise range.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161214210017.GA1465@cmpxchg.org
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Hillf Danton <hillf.zj@alibaba-inc.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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I noticed that the logic in the fadvise64_64 syscall is incorrect for
partial pages. While first page of the region is correctly skipped if
it is partial, the last page of the region is mistakenly discarded.
This leads to problems for applications that read data in
non-page-aligned chunks discarding already processed data between the
reads.
A somewhat misguided application that does something like write(XX bytes
(non-page-alligned)); drop the data it just wrote; repeat gets a
significant penalty in performance as a result.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1464917140-1506698-1-git-send-email-green@linuxhacker.ru
Signed-off-by: Oleg Drokin <green@linuxhacker.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} macros were introduced *long* time
ago with promise that one day it will be possible to implement page
cache with bigger chunks than PAGE_SIZE.
This promise never materialized. And unlikely will.
We have many places where PAGE_CACHE_SIZE assumed to be equal to
PAGE_SIZE. And it's constant source of confusion on whether
PAGE_CACHE_* or PAGE_* constant should be used in a particular case,
especially on the border between fs and mm.
Global switching to PAGE_CACHE_SIZE != PAGE_SIZE would cause to much
breakage to be doable.
Let's stop pretending that pages in page cache are special. They are
not.
The changes are pretty straight-forward:
- <foo> << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;
- <foo> >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT) -> <foo>;
- PAGE_CACHE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN} -> PAGE_{SIZE,SHIFT,MASK,ALIGN};
- page_cache_get() -> get_page();
- page_cache_release() -> put_page();
This patch contains automated changes generated with coccinelle using
script below. For some reason, coccinelle doesn't patch header files.
I've called spatch for them manually.
The only adjustment after coccinelle is revert of changes to
PAGE_CAHCE_ALIGN definition: we are going to drop it later.
There are few places in the code where coccinelle didn't reach. I'll
fix them manually in a separate patch. Comments and documentation also
will be addressed with the separate patch.
virtual patch
@@
expression E;
@@
- E << (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E
@@
expression E;
@@
- E >> (PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)
+ E
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT
+ PAGE_SHIFT
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
+ PAGE_SIZE
@@
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_MASK
+ PAGE_MASK
@@
expression E;
@@
- PAGE_CACHE_ALIGN(E)
+ PAGE_ALIGN(E)
@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_get(E)
+ get_page(E)
@@
expression E;
@@
- page_cache_release(E)
+ put_page(E)
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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In several places, bdi_congested() and its wrappers are used to
determine whether more IOs should be issued. With cgroup writeback
support, this question can't be answered solely based on the bdi
(backing_dev_info). It's dependent on whether the filesystem and bdi
support cgroup writeback and the blkcg the inode is associated with.
This patch implements inode_congested() and its wrappers which take
@inode and determines the congestion state considering cgroup
writeback. The new functions replace bdi_*congested() calls in places
where the query is about specific inode and task.
There are several filesystem users which also fit this criteria but
they should be updated when each filesystem implements cgroup
writeback support.
v2: Now that a given inode is associated with only one wb, congestion
state can be determined independent from the asking task. Drop
@task. Spotted by Vivek. Also, converted to take @inode instead
of @mapping and renamed to inode_congested().
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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All callers of get_xip_mem() are now gone. Remove checks for it,
initialisers of it, documentation of it and the only implementation of it.
Also remove mm/filemap_xip.c as it is now empty. Also remove
documentation of the long-gone get_xip_page().
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <andreas.dilger@intel.com>
Cc: Boaz Harrosh <boaz@plexistor.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Now that we got rid of the bdi abuse on character devices we can always use
sb->s_bdi to get at the backing_dev_info for a file, except for the block
device special case. Export inode_to_bdi and replace uses of
mapping->backing_dev_info with it to prepare for the removal of
mapping->backing_dev_info.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
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A random seek IO benchmark appeared to regress because of a change to
readahead but the real problem was the benchmark. To ensure the IO
request accesssed disk, it used fadvise(FADV_DONTNEED) on a block boundary
(512K) but the hint is ignored by the kernel. This is correct but not
necessarily obvious behaviour. As much as I dislike comment patches, the
explanation for this behaviour predates current git history. Clarify why
it behaves like this in case someone "fixes" fadvise or readahead for the
wrong reasons.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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... and convert a bunch of SYSCALL_DEFINE ones to SYSCALL_DEFINE<n>,
killing the boilerplate crap around them.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
Pull vfs pile (part one) from Al Viro:
"Assorted stuff - cleaning namei.c up a bit, fixing ->d_name/->d_parent
locking violations, etc.
The most visible changes here are death of FS_REVAL_DOT (replaced with
"has ->d_weak_revalidate()") and a new helper getting from struct file
to inode. Some bits of preparation to xattr method interface changes.
Misc patches by various people sent this cycle *and* ocfs2 fixes from
several cycles ago that should've been upstream right then.
PS: the next vfs pile will be xattr stuff."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (46 commits)
saner proc_get_inode() calling conventions
proc: avoid extra pde_put() in proc_fill_super()
fs: change return values from -EACCES to -EPERM
fs/exec.c: make bprm_mm_init() static
ocfs2/dlm: use GFP_ATOMIC inside a spin_lock
ocfs2: fix possible use-after-free with AIO
ocfs2: Fix oops in ocfs2_fast_symlink_readpage() code path
get_empty_filp()/alloc_file() leave both ->f_pos and ->f_version zero
target: writev() on single-element vector is pointless
export kernel_write(), convert open-coded instances
fs: encode_fh: return FILEID_INVALID if invalid fid_type
kill f_vfsmnt
vfs: kill FS_REVAL_DOT by adding a d_weak_revalidate dentry op
nfsd: handle vfs_getattr errors in acl protocol
switch vfs_getattr() to struct path
default SET_PERSONALITY() in linux/elf.h
ceph: prepopulate inodes only when request is aborted
d_hash_and_lookup(): export, switch open-coded instances
9p: switch v9fs_set_create_acl() to inode+fid, do it before d_instantiate()
9p: split dropping the acls from v9fs_set_create_acl()
...
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pages
Rob van der Heij reported the following (paraphrased) on private mail.
The scenario is that I want to avoid backups to fill up the page
cache and purge stuff that is more likely to be used again (this is
with s390x Linux on z/VM, so I don't give it as much memory that
we don't care anymore). So I have something with LD_PRELOAD that
intercepts the close() call (from tar, in this case) and issues
a posix_fadvise() just before closing the file.
This mostly works, except for small files (less than 14 pages)
that remains in page cache after the face.
Unfortunately Rob has not had a chance to test this exact patch but the
test program below should be reproducing the problem he described.
The issue is the per-cpu pagevecs for LRU additions. If the pages are
added by one CPU but fadvise() is called on another then the pages
remain resident as the invalidate_mapping_pages() only drains the local
pagevecs via its call to pagevec_release(). The user-visible effect is
that a program that uses fadvise() properly is not obeyed.
A possible fix for this is to put the necessary smarts into
invalidate_mapping_pages() to globally drain the LRU pagevecs if a
pagevec page could not be discarded. The downside with this is that an
inode cache shrink would send a global IPI and memory pressure
potentially causing global IPI storms is very undesirable.
Instead, this patch adds a check during fadvise(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED) to
check if invalidate_mapping_pages() discarded all the requested pages.
If a subset of pages are discarded it drains the LRU pagevecs and tries
again. If the second attempt fails, it assumes it is due to the pages
being mapped, locked or dirty and does not care. With this patch, an
application using fadvise() correctly will be obeyed but there is a
downside that a malicious application can force the kernel to send
global IPIs and increase overhead.
If accepted, I would like this to be considered as a -stable candidate.
It's not an urgent issue but it's a system call that is not working as
advertised which is weak.
The following test program demonstrates the problem. It should never
report that pages are still resident but will without this patch. It
assumes that CPU 0 and 1 exist.
int main() {
int fd;
int pagesize = getpagesize();
ssize_t written = 0, expected;
char *buf;
unsigned char *vec;
int resident, i;
cpu_set_t set;
/* Prepare a buffer for writing */
expected = FILESIZE_PAGES * pagesize;
buf = malloc(expected + 1);
if (buf == NULL) {
printf("ENOMEM\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
buf[expected] = 0;
memset(buf, 'a', expected);
/* Prepare the mincore vec */
vec = malloc(FILESIZE_PAGES);
if (vec == NULL) {
printf("ENOMEM\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Bind ourselves to CPU 0 */
CPU_ZERO(&set);
CPU_SET(0, &set);
if (sched_setaffinity(getpid(), sizeof(set), &set) == -1) {
perror("sched_setaffinity");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* open file, unlink and write buffer */
fd = open("fadvise-test-file", O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_RDWR);
if (fd == -1) {
perror("open");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
unlink("fadvise-test-file");
while (written < expected) {
ssize_t this_write;
this_write = write(fd, buf + written, expected - written);
if (this_write == -1) {
perror("write");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
written += this_write;
}
free(buf);
/*
* Force ourselves to another CPU. If fadvise only flushes the local
* CPUs pagevecs then the fadvise will fail to discard all file pages
*/
CPU_ZERO(&set);
CPU_SET(1, &set);
if (sched_setaffinity(getpid(), sizeof(set), &set) == -1) {
perror("sched_setaffinity");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* sync and fadvise to discard the page cache */
fsync(fd);
if (posix_fadvise(fd, 0, expected, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED) == -1) {
perror("posix_fadvise");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* map the file and use mincore to see which parts of it are resident */
buf = mmap(NULL, expected, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (buf == NULL) {
perror("mmap");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (mincore(buf, expected, vec) == -1) {
perror("mincore");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Check residency */
for (i = 0, resident = 0; i < FILESIZE_PAGES; i++) {
if (vec[i])
resident++;
}
if (resident != 0) {
printf("Nr unexpected pages resident: %d\n", resident);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
munmap(buf, expected);
close(fd);
free(vec);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reported-by: Rob van der Heij <rvdheij@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Rob van der Heij <rvdheij@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Eric Wong reported his test suite failex when /tmp is tmpfs.
https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/2/24/479
Currentlt the input check of POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED has two problems.
- requires a_ops->readpage. But in fact, force_page_cache_readahead()
requires that the target filesystem has either ->readpage or ->readpages.
- returns -EINVAL when the filesystem doesn't have ->readpage. But
posix says that fadvise is merely a hint. Thus fadvise() should return
0 if filesystem has no means of implementing fadvise(). The userland
application should not know nor care whcih type of filesystem backs the
TMPDIR directory, as Eric pointed out. There is nothing which userspace
can do to solve this error.
So change the return value to 0 when filesytem doesn't support readahead.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>
Tested-by: Eric Wong <normalperson@yhbt.net>
Reviewed-by: Wanlong Gao <gaowanlong@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Previously POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED would start writeback for the entire file
when the bdi was not write congested. This negatively impacts performance
if the file contains dirty pages outside of the requested range. This
change uses __filemap_fdatawrite_range() to only initiate writeback for
the requested range.
Signed-off-by: Shawn Bohrer <sbohrer@rgmadvisors.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This fixes inefficient page-by-page reads on POSIX_FADV_RANDOM.
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM used to set ra_pages=0, which leads to poor performance:
a 16K read will be carried out in 4 _sync_ 1-page reads.
In other places, ra_pages==0 means
- it's ramfs/tmpfs/hugetlbfs/sysfs/configfs
- some IO error happened
where multi-page read IO won't help or should be avoided.
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM actually want a different semantics: to disable the
*heuristic* readahead algorithm, and to use a dumb one which faithfully
submit read IO for whatever application requests.
So introduce a flag FMODE_RANDOM for POSIX_FADV_RANDOM.
Note that the random hint is not likely to help random reads performance
noticeably. And it may be too permissive on huge request size (its IO
size is not limited by read_ahead_kb).
In Quentin's report (http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/12/24/145), the overall
(NFS read) performance of the application increased by 313%!
Tested-by: Quentin Barnes <qbarnes+nfs@yahoo-inc.com>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.33.x]
Cc: <qbarnes+nfs@yahoo-inc.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Impact: code simplification.
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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System calls with an unsigned long long argument can't be converted with
the standard wrappers since that would include a cast to long, which in
turn means that we would lose the upper 32 bit on 32 bit architectures.
Also semctl can't use the standard wrapper since it has a 'union'
parameter.
So we handle them as special case and add some extra wrappers instead.
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
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People can use the real name an an index into MAINTAINERS to find the
current email address.
Signed-off-by: Francois Cami <francois.cami@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Convert XIP to support non-struct page backed memory, using VM_MIXEDMAP for
the user mappings.
This requires the get_xip_page API to be changed to an address based one.
Improve the API layering a little bit too, while we're here.
This is required in order to support XIP filesystems on memory that isn't
backed with struct page (but memory with struct page is still supported too).
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Acked-by: Carsten Otte <cotte@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Jared Hulbert <jaredeh@gmail.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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I've written some test programs in ltp project. During writing I met an
problem which I cannot solve in user land. So I wrote a patch for linux
kernel. Please, include this patch if acceptable.
The test program tests the 4th parameter of fadvise64_64:
long sys_fadvise64_64(int fd, loff_t offset, loff_t len, int advice);
My test case calls fadvise64_64 with invalid advice value and checks errno is
set to EINVAL. About the advice parameter man page says:
...
Permissible values for advice include:
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
...
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
...
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
...
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
...
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
...
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
...
ERRORS
...
EINVAL An invalid value was specified for advice.
However, I got a bug report that the system call invocations
in my test case returned 0 unexpectedly.
I've inspected the kernel code:
asmlinkage long sys_fadvise64_64(int fd, loff_t offset, loff_t len, int advice)
{
struct file *file = fget(fd);
struct address_space *mapping;
struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
loff_t endbyte; /* inclusive */
pgoff_t start_index;
pgoff_t end_index;
unsigned long nrpages;
int ret = 0;
if (!file)
return -EBADF;
if (S_ISFIFO(file->f_path.dentry->d_inode->i_mode)) {
ret = -ESPIPE;
goto out;
}
mapping = file->f_mapping;
if (!mapping || len < 0) {
ret = -EINVAL;
goto out;
}
if (mapping->a_ops->get_xip_page)
/* no bad return value, but ignore advice */
goto out;
...
out:
fput(file);
return ret;
}
I found the advice parameter is just ignored in the case
mapping->a_ops->get_xip_page is given. This behavior is different from
what is written on the man page. Is this o.k.?
get_xip_page is given if CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XIP is true.
Anyway I cannot find the easy way to detect get_xip_page
field is given or CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XIP is true from the
user space.
I propose the following patch which checks the advice parameter
even if get_xip_page is given.
Signed-off-by: Masatake YAMATO <yamato@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Carsten Otte <cotte@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Change all the uses of f_{dentry,vfsmnt} to f_path.{dentry,mnt} in linux/mm/.
Signed-off-by: Josef "Jeff" Sipek <jsipek@cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE hint means "the application will use this range of the
file a single time". It seems to be intended that the implementation will use
this hint to perform drop-behind of that part of the file when the application
gets around to reading or writing it.
However for reasons which aren't obvious (or sane?) I mapped
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE onto POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED. ie: it does readahead.
That's daft. So for now, make POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE a no-op.
This is a non-back-compatible change. If someone was using POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
to perform readahead, they lose. The likelihood is low.
If/when we later implement POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE things will get interesting - to
do it fully we'll need to maintain file offset/length ranges and peform all
sorts of complex tricks, and managing the lifetime of those ranges' data
structures will be interesting..
A sensible implementation would probably ignore the file range and would
simply mark the entire file as needing some form of drop-behind treatment.
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Cc: "Michael Kerrisk" <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Remove the recently-added LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE and LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT
fadvise() additions, do it in a new sys_sync_file_range() syscall instead.
Reasons:
- It's more flexible. Things which would require two or three syscalls with
fadvise() can be done in a single syscall.
- Using fadvise() in this manner is something not covered by POSIX.
The patch wires up the syscall for x86.
The sycall is implemented in the new fs/sync.c. The intention is that we can
move sys_fsync(), sys_fdatasync() and perhaps sys_sync() into there later.
Documentation for the syscall is in fs/sync.c.
A test app (sync_file_range.c) is in
http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/ext3-tools.tar.gz.
The available-to-GPL-modules do_sync_file_range() is for knfsd: "A COMMIT can
say NFS_DATA_SYNC or NFS_FILE_SYNC. I can skip the ->fsync call for
NFS_DATA_SYNC which is hopefully the more common."
Note: the `async' writeout mode SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE will turn synchronous if
the queue is congested. This is trivial to fix: add a new flag bit, set
wbc->nonblocking. But I'm not sure that we want to expose implementation
details down to that level.
Note: it's notable that we can sync an fd which wasn't opened for writing.
Same with fsync() and fdatasync()).
Note: the code takes some care to handle attempts to sync file contents
outside the 16TB offset on 32-bit machines. It makes such attempts appear to
succeed, for best 32-bit/64-bit compatibility. Perhaps it should make such
requests fail...
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Add two new linux-specific fadvise extensions():
LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE: start async writeout of any dirty pages between file
offsets `offset' and `offset+len'. Any pages which are currently under
writeout are skipped, whether or not they are dirty.
LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT: wait upon writeout of any dirty pages between file
offsets `offset' and `offset+len'.
By combining these two operations the application may do several things:
LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE: push some or all of the dirty pages at the disk.
LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT, LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE: push all of the currently dirty
pages at the disk.
LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT, LINUX_FADV_ASYNC_WRITE, LINUX_FADV_WRITE_WAIT: push all
of the currently dirty pages at the disk, wait until they have been written.
It should be noted that none of these operations write out the file's
metadata. So unless the application is strictly performing overwrites of
already-instantiated disk blocks, there are no guarantees here that the data
will be available after a crash.
To complete this suite of operations I guess we should have a "sync file
metadata only" operation. This gives applications access to all the building
blocks needed for all sorts of sync operations. But sync-metadata doesn't fit
well with the fadvise() interface. Probably it should be a new syscall:
sys_fmetadatasync().
The patch also diddles with the meaning of `endbyte' in sys_fadvise64_64().
It is made to represent that last affected byte in the file (ie: it is
inclusive). Generally, all these byterange and pagerange functions are
inclusive so we can easily represent EOF with -1.
As Ulrich notes, these two functions are somewhat abusive of the fadvise()
concept, which appears to be "set the future policy for this fd".
But these commands are a perfect fit with the fadvise() impementation, and
several of the existing fadvise() commands are synchronous and don't affect
future policy either. I think we can live with the slight incongruity.
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The patch makes posix_fadvise return ESPIPE on FIFO/pipe in order to be
fully POSIX-compliant.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
|
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Make sys_madvice/fadvice return sane with xip.
Signed-off-by: Carsten Otte <cotte@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
|
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Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
|
