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1. Remove fs/coredump.h. It is not clear why do we need it,
it only declares __get_dumpable(), signal.c includes it
for no reason.
2. Now that get_dumpable() and __get_dumpable() are really
trivial make them inline in linux/sched.h.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Alex Kelly <alex.page.kelly@gmail.com>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Cc: Petr Matousek <pmatouse@redhat.com>
Cc: Vasily Kulikov <segoon@openwall.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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the caller has already done file_start_write()...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Mea culpa - original variant used 64-by-32-bit division,
which got caught very late. Getting rid of that wasn't
hard, but I'd managed to botch the calling conventions
in process ;-/
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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dump_skip to given alignment...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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... and deal with short writes properly - the output might be to pipe, after
all; as it is, e.g. no-MMU case of elf_fdpic coredump can write a whole lot
more than a page worth of data at one call.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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dump_write() analog, takes core_dump_params instead of file,
keeps track of the amount written in cprm->written and checks for
cprm->limit. Start using it in binfmt_elf.c...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Add a new %P variable to be used in core_pattern. This variable contains
the global PID (PID in the init namespace) as %p contains the PID in the
current namespace which isn't always what we want.
The main use for this is to make it easier to handle crashes that happened
within a container. With that new variables it's possible to have the
crashes dumped into the container or forwarded to the host with the right
PID (from the host's point of view).
Signed-off-by: Stéphane Graber <stgraber@ubuntu.com>
Reported-by: Hans Feldt <hans.feldt@ericsson.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Serge E. Hallyn <serge.hallyn@ubuntu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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"goto end" should not bypass the "Backward compatibility with
core_uses_pid" code, move this label up.
While at it,
- It is ugly to copy '|' into cn->corename and then inc
the pointer for argv_split().
Change format_corename() to increment pat_ptr instead.
- Remove the dead "if (*pat_ptr == 0)" in format_corename(),
we already checked it is not zero.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Imho, "atomic_t call_count" is ugly and should die. It buys nothing and
in fact it can grow more than necessary, expand doesn't check if it was
already incremented by another task.
Kill it, and introduce "static int core_name_size" updated by
expand_corename(). This is obviously racy too but harmless, and
core_name_size never grows for no reason.
We do not bother to to calculate the "right" new size, we simply do
kmalloc(size_we_need) and use ksize() to rely on kmalloc_index's decision.
Finally change format_corename() to use expand_corename(), krealloc(NULL)
is fine.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The usage of cn_escape() looks really annoying, imho this sequence needs a
wrapper. And it is buggy. If cn_printf() does expand_corename()
cn_escape() writes to the freed memory.
Introduce cn_esc_printf() which hopefully does this all right. It records
the index before cn_vprintf(), not "char *" which is no longer valid (in
general) after krealloc().
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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cn_vprintf() looks really overcomplicated and sub-optimal. We do not need
vsnprintf(NULL) to calculate the size we need, we can simply try to print
into the current buffer and expand/retry only if necessary.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Turn cn_printf(...) into cn_vprintf(va_list args), reintroduce
cn_printf() as a trivial wrapper.
This simplifies the next change and cn_vprintf() will have more
callers.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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do_coredump() assumes that format_corename() can only fail if
expand_corename() fails and frees cn->corename. This is not true, for
example cn_print_exe_file() can fail and in this case nobody frees
cn->corename.
Change do_coredump() to always do kfree(cn->corename) after it calls
format_corename() (NULL is fine), change expand_corename() to do nothing
if kmalloc() fails.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Colin Walters <walters@verbum.org>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Lennart Poettering <mzxreary@0pointer.de>
Cc: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.de.marchi@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
Pull VFS updates from Al Viro,
Misc cleanups all over the place, mainly wrt /proc interfaces (switch
create_proc_entry to proc_create(), get rid of the deprecated
create_proc_read_entry() in favor of using proc_create_data() and
seq_file etc).
7kloc removed.
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (204 commits)
don't bother with deferred freeing of fdtables
proc: Move non-public stuff from linux/proc_fs.h to fs/proc/internal.h
proc: Make the PROC_I() and PDE() macros internal to procfs
proc: Supply a function to remove a proc entry by PDE
take cgroup_open() and cpuset_open() to fs/proc/base.c
ppc: Clean up scanlog
ppc: Clean up rtas_flash driver somewhat
hostap: proc: Use remove_proc_subtree()
drm: proc: Use remove_proc_subtree()
drm: proc: Use minor->index to label things, not PDE->name
drm: Constify drm_proc_list[]
zoran: Don't print proc_dir_entry data in debug
reiserfs: Don't access the proc_dir_entry in r_open(), r_start() r_show()
proc: Supply an accessor for getting the data from a PDE's parent
airo: Use remove_proc_subtree()
rtl8192u: Don't need to save device proc dir PDE
rtl8187se: Use a dir under /proc/net/r8180/
proc: Add proc_mkdir_data()
proc: Move some bits from linux/proc_fs.h to linux/{of.h,signal.h,tty.h}
proc: Move PDE_NET() to fs/proc/proc_net.c
...
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wait_for_dump_helpers() calls wake_up/kill_fasync from inside the
wait_event-like loop. This is not needed and in fact this is not
strictly correct, we can/should do this only once after we change
pipe->writers. We could even check if it becomes zero.
Change this code to use use wait_event_interruptible(), this can also
help to make this wait freezable.
With this patch we check pipe->readers without pipe_lock(), this is
fine. Once we see pipe->readers == 1 we know that the handler
decremented the counter, this is all we need.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@chromium.org>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@redhat.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Cleanup. Every linux_binfmt->core_dump() sets PF_DUMPCORE, move this into
zap_threads() called by do_coredump().
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@chromium.org>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@redhat.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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By discussion with Mandeep.
Change dump_write(), dump_seek() and do_coredump() to check
signal_pending() and abort if it is true. dump_seek() does this only
before f_op->llseek(), otherwise it relies on dump_write().
We need this change to ensure that the coredump won't delay suspend, and
to ensure it reacts to SIGKILL "quickly enough", a core dump can take a
lot of time. In particular this can help oom-killer.
We add the new trivial helper, dump_interrupted() to add the comments and
to simplify the potential freezer changes. Perhaps it will have more
callers.
Ideally it should do try_to_freeze() but then we need the unpleasant
changes in dump_write() and wait_for_dump_helpers(). It is not trivial to
change dump_write() to restart if f_op->write() fails because of
freezing(). We need to handle the short writes, we need to clear
TIF_SIGPENDING (and we can't rely on recalc_sigpending() unless we change
it to check PF_DUMPCORE). And if the buggy f_op->write() sets
TIF_SIGPENDING we can not distinguish this case from the race with
freeze_task() + __thaw_task().
So we simply accept the fact that the freezer can truncate a core-dump but
at least you can reliably suspend. Hopefully we can tolerate this
unlikely case and the necessary complications doesn't worth a trouble.
But if we decide to make the coredumping freezable later we can do this on
top of this change.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@chromium.org>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@redhat.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Now that the coredumping process can be SIGKILL'ed, the setting of
->group_exit_code in do_coredump() can race with complete_signal() and
SIGKILL or 0x80 can be "lost", or wait(status) can report status ==
SIGKILL | 0x80.
But the main problem is that it is not clear to me what should we do if
binfmt->core_dump() succeeds but SIGKILL was sent, that is why this patch
comes as a separate change.
This patch adds 0x80 if ->core_dump() succeeds and the process was not
killed. But perhaps we can (should?) re-set ->group_exit_code changed by
SIGKILL back to "siginfo->si_signo |= 0x80" in case when core_dumped == T.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@chromium.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@redhat.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@hack.frob.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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prepare_signal() blesses SIGKILL sent to the dumping process but this
signal can be "lost" anyway. The problems is, complete_signal() sees
SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT and skips the "kill them all" logic. And even if the
dumping process is single-threaded (so the target is always "correct"),
the group-wide SIGKILL is not recorded in task->pending and thus
__fatal_signal_pending() won't be true. A multi-threaded case has even
more problems.
And even ignoring all technical details, SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT doesn't look
right to me. This coredumping process is not exiting yet, it can do a lot
of work dumping the core.
With this patch the dumping process doesn't have SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT, we set
signal->group_exit_task instead. This makes signal_group_exit() true and
thus this should equally close the races with exit/exec/stop but allows to
kill the dumping thread reliably.
Notes:
- It is not clear what should we do with ->group_exit_code
if the dumper was killed, see the next change.
- we need more (hopefully straightforward) changes to ensure
that SIGKILL actually interrupts the coredump. Basically we
need to check __fatal_signal_pending() in dump_write() and
dump_seek().
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@chromium.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@redhat.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@hack.frob.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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There are 2 well known and ancient problems with coredump/signals, and a
lot of related bug reports:
- do_coredump() clears TIF_SIGPENDING but of course this can't help
if, say, SIGCHLD comes after that.
In this case the coredump can fail unexpectedly. See for example
wait_for_dump_helper()->signal_pending() check but there are other
reasons.
- At the same time, dumping a huge core on the slow media can take a
lot of time/resources and there is no way to kill the coredumping
task reliably. In particular this is not oom_kill-friendly.
This patch tries to fix the 1st problem, and makes the preparation for the
next changes.
We add the new SIGNAL_GROUP_COREDUMP flag set by zap_threads() to indicate
that this process dumps the core. prepare_signal() checks this flag and
nacks any signal except SIGKILL.
Note that this check tries to be conservative, in the long term we should
probably treat the SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT case equally but this needs more
discussion. See marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=120508897917439
Notes:
- recalc_sigpending() doesn't check SIGNAL_GROUP_COREDUMP.
The patch assumes that dump_write/etc paths should never
call it, but we can change it as well.
- There is another source of TIF_SIGPENDING, freezer. This
will be addressed separately.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Mandeep Singh Baines <msb@chromium.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@redhat.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@hack.frob.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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These are the only users of call_usermodehelper_fns(). This function
suffers from not being able to determine if the cleanup is called. Even
if in this places the cleanup pointer is NULL, convert them to use the
separate call_usermodehelper_setup() + call_usermodehelper_exec()
functions so we can remove the _fns variant.
Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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simplify get_pipe_info(), while we are at it
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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The existing SUID_DUMP_* defines duplicate the newer SUID_DUMPABLE_*
defines introduced in 54b501992dd2 ("coredump: warn about unsafe
suid_dumpable / core_pattern combo"). Remove the new ones, and use the
prior values instead.
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reported-by: Chen Gang <gang.chen@asianux.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Doug Ledford <dledford@redhat.com>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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replace_fd() began with "eats a reference, tries to insert into
descriptor table" semantics; at some point I'd switched it to
much saner current behaviour ("try to insert into descriptor
table, grabbing a new reference if inserted; caller should do
fput() in any case"), but forgot to update the callers.
Mea culpa...
[Spotted by Pavel Roskin, who has really weird system with pipe-fed
coredumps as part of what he considers a normal boot ;-)]
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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This is a preparatory patch for the introduction of NT_SIGINFO elf note.
With this patch we pass "siginfo_t *siginfo" instead of "int signr" to
do_coredump() and put it into coredump_params. It will be used by the
next patch. Most changes are simple s/signr/siginfo->si_signo/.
Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Amerigo Wang <amwang@redhat.com>
Cc: "Jonathan M. Foote" <jmfoote@cert.org>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@hack.frob.com>
Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Some coredump handlers want to create a core file in a way compatible with
standard behavior. Standard behavior with fs.suid_dumpable = 2 is to
create core file with uid=gid=0. However, there was no way for coredump
handler to know that the process being dumped was suid'ed.
This patch adds the new %d specifier for format_corename() which simply
reports __get_dumpable(mm->flags), this is compatible with
/proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable we already have.
Addresses https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=787135
Developed during a discussion with Denys Vlasenko.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
Cc: Alex Kelly <alex.page.kelly@gmail.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Cong Wang <amwang@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Moskovcak <jmoskovc@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Create a new header file, fs/coredump.h, which contains functions only
used by the new coredump.c. It also moves do_coredump to the
include/linux/coredump.h header file, for consistency.
Signed-off-by: Alex Kelly <alex.page.kelly@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This prepares for making core dump functionality optional.
The variable "suid_dumpable" and associated functions are left in fs/exec.c
because they're used elsewhere, such as in ptrace.
Signed-off-by: Alex Kelly <alex.page.kelly@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@canonical.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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